Up: Ordinary Differential Equations [Contents][Index]

#### 24.1.1 Matlab-compatible solvers

Octave also provides a set of solvers for initial value problems for Ordinary Differential Equations that have a MATLAB-compatible interface. The options for this class of methods are set using the functions.

- `odeset`
- `odeget`

Currently implemented solvers are:

- Runge-Kutta methods
  - `ode45` Integrates a system of non–stiff ordinary differential equations (non–stiff ODEs and DAEs) using second order Dormand-Prince method. This is a fourth–order accurate integrator therefore the local error normally expected is O(h^5). This solver requires six function evaluations per integration step.
  - `ode23` Integrates a system of non–stiff ordinary differential equations (non-stiff ODEs and DAEs) using second order Bogacki-Shampine method. This is a second-order accurate integrator therefore the local error normally expected is O(h^3). This solver requires three function evaluations per integration step.

: [t, y] = ode45 (fun, trange, init)
: [t, y] = ode45 (fun, trange, init, ode_opt)
: [t, y, te, ye, ie] = ode45 (…)
: solution = ode45 (…)
: ode45 (…)

  Solve a set of non-stiff Ordinary Differential Equations (non-stiff ODEs) with the well known explicit Dormand-Prince method of order 4.

  fun is a function handle, inline function, or string containing the name of the function that defines the ODE: `y' = f(t,y)`. The function must accept two inputs where the first is time t and the second is a column vector of unknowns y.

  trange specifies the time interval over which the ODE will be evaluated. Typically, it is a two-element vector specifying the initial and final times (`[tinit, tfinal]`). If there are more than two elements then the solution will also be evaluated at these intermediate time instances.

  By default, `ode45` uses an adaptive timestep with the `integrate_adaptive` algorithm. The tolerance for the timestep computation may be changed by using the options `"RelTol"` and `"AbsTol"`.

  init contains the initial value for the unknowns. If it is a row vector then the solution y will be a matrix in which each column is the solution for the corresponding initial value in init.

  The optional fourth argument ode_opt specifies non-default options to the ODE solver. It is a structure generated by `odeset`.

  The function typically returns two outputs. Variable t is a column vector and contains the times where the solution was found. The output y is a matrix in which each column refers to a different unknown of the problem and each row corresponds to a time in t.

  The output can also be returned as a structure solution which has a field x containing a row vector of times where the solution was evaluated and a field y containing the solution matrix such that each column corresponds to a time in x. Use `fieldnames (solution)` to see the other fields and additional information returned.

  If no output arguments are requested, and no `OutputFcn` is specified in ode_opt, then the `OutputFcn` is set to `odeplot` and the results of the solver are plotted immediately.

  If using the `"Events"` option then three additional outputs may be returned. te holds the time when an Event function returned a zero. ye holds the value of the solution at time te. ie contains an index indicating which Event function was triggered in the case of multiple Event functions.

  Example: Solve the Van der Pol equation

      fvdp = @(t,y) [y(2); (1 - y(1)^2) * y(2) - y(1)];
      [t,y] = ode45 (fvdp, [0, 20], [2, 0]);

  See also: odeset, odeget, ode23.

: [t, y] = ode23 (fun, trange, init)
: [t, y] = ode23 (fun, trange, init, ode_opt)
: [t, y, te, ye, ie] = ode23 (…)
: solution = ode23 (…)
: ode23 (…)

  Solve a set of non-stiff Ordinary Differential Equations (non-stiff ODEs) with the well known explicit Bogacki-Shampine method of order 3. For the definition of this method see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Runge%E2%80%93Kutta_methods.

  fun is a function handle, inline function, or string containing the name of the function that defines the ODE: `y' = f(t,y)`. The function must accept two inputs where the first is time t and the second is a column vector of unknowns y.

  trange specifies the time interval over which the ODE will be evaluated. Typically, it is a two-element vector specifying the initial and final times (`[tinit, tfinal]`). If there are more than two elements then the solution will also be evaluated at these intermediate time instances.

  By default, `ode23` uses an adaptive timestep with the `integrate_adaptive` algorithm. The tolerance for the timestep computation may be changed by using the options `"RelTol"` and `"AbsTol"`.

  init contains the initial value for the unknowns. If it is a row vector then the solution y will be a matrix in which each column is the solution for the corresponding initial value in init.

  The optional fourth argument ode_opt specifies non-default options to the ODE solver. It is a structure generated by `odeset`.

  The function typically returns two outputs. Variable t is a column vector and contains the times where the solution was found. The output y is a matrix in which each column refers to a different unknown of the problem and each row corresponds to a time in t.

  The output can also be returned as a structure solution which has a field x containing a row vector of times where the solution was evaluated and a field y containing the solution matrix such that each column corresponds to a time in x. Use `fieldnames (solution)` to see the other fields and additional information returned.

  If no output arguments are requested, and no `OutputFcn` is specified in ode_opt, then the `OutputFcn` is set to `odeplot` and the results of the solver are plotted immediately.

  If using the `"Events"` option then three additional outputs may be returned. te holds the time when an Event function returned a zero. ye holds the value of the solution at time te. ie contains an index indicating which Event function was triggered in the case of multiple Event functions.

  Example: Solve the Van der Pol equation

      fvdp = @(t,y) [y(2); (1 - y(1)^2) * y(2) - y(1)];
      [t,y] = ode23 (fvdp, [0, 20], [2, 0]);

  See also: odeset, odeget, ode45.

: odestruct = odeset ()
: odestruct = odeset ("field1", value1, "field2", value2, …)
: odestruct = odeset (oldstruct, "field1", value1, "field2", value2, …)
: odestruct = odeset (oldstruct, newstruct)
: odeset ()

  Create or modify an ODE options structure.

  When called with no input argument and one output argument, return a new ODE options structure that contains all possible fields initialized to their default values. If no output argument is requested, display a list of the common ODE solver options along with their default value.

  If called with name-value input argument pairs "field1", "value1", "field2", "value2", … return a new ODE options structure with all the most common option fields initialized, and set the values of the fields "field1", "field2", … to the values value1, value2, ….

  If called with an input structure oldstruct then overwrite the values of the options "field1", "field2", … with new values value1, value2, … and return the modified structure.

  When called with two input ODE options structures oldstruct and newstruct overwrite all values from the structure oldstruct with new values from the structure newstruct. Empty values in newstruct will not overwrite values in oldstruct.

  The most commonly used ODE options, which are always assigned a value by `odeset`, are the following:

  AbsTol

    Absolute error tolerance.

  BDF

    Use BDF formulas in implicit multistep methods. Note: This option is not yet implemented.

  Events

    Event function. An event function must have the form `[value, isterminal, direction] = my_events_f (t, y)`

  InitialSlope

    Consistent initial slope vector for DAE solvers.

  InitialStep

    Initial time step size.

  Jacobian

    Jacobian matrix, specified as a constant matrix or a function of time and state.

  JConstant

    Specify whether the Jacobian is a constant matrix or depends on the state.

  JPattern

    If the Jacobian matrix is sparse and non-constant but maintains a constant sparsity pattern, specify the sparsity pattern.

  Mass

    Mass matrix, specified as a constant matrix or a function of time and state.

  MassSingular

    Specify whether the mass matrix is singular. Accepted values include `"yes"`, `"no"`, `"maybe"`.

  MaxOrder

    Maximum order of formula.

  MaxStep

    Maximum time step value.

  MStateDependence

    Specify whether the mass matrix depends on the state or only on time.

  MvPattern

    If the mass matrix is sparse and non-constant but maintains a constant sparsity pattern, specify the sparsity pattern. Note: This option is not yet implemented.

  NonNegative

    Specify elements of the state vector that are expected to remain nonnegative during the simulation.

  NormControl

    Control error relative to the 2-norm of the solution, rather than its absolute value.

  OutputFcn

    Function to monitor the state during the simulation. For the form of the function to use see `odeplot`.

  OutputSel

    Indices of elements of the state vector to be passed to the output monitoring function.

  Refine

    Specify whether output should be returned only at the end of each time step or also at intermediate time instances. The value should be a scalar indicating the number of equally spaced time points to use within each timestep at which to return output. Note: This option is not yet implemented.

  RelTol

    Relative error tolerance.

  Stats

    Print solver statistics after simulation.

  Vectorized

    Specify whether `odefun` can be passed multiple values of the state at once.

  Field names that are not in the above list are also accepted and added to the result structure.

  See also: odeget.

: val = odeget (ode_opt, field)
: val = odeget (ode_opt, field, default)

  Query the value of the property field in the ODE options structure ode_opt.

  If called with two input arguments and the first input argument ode_opt is an ODE option structure and the second input argument field is a string specifying an option name, then return the option value val corresponding to field from ode_opt.

  If called with an optional third input argument, and field is not set in the structure ode_opt, then return the default value default instead.

  See also: odeset.

: stop_solve = odeplot (t, y, flag)

  Open a new figure window and plot the solution of an ode problem at each time step during the integration.

  The types and values of the input parameters t and y depend on the input flag that is of type string. Valid values of flag are:

  ``"init"``

    The input t must be a column vector of length 2 with the first and last time step (`[tfirst tlast]`. The input y contains the initial conditions for the ode problem (y0).

  ``""``

    The input t must be a scalar double specifying the time for which the solution in input y was calculated.

  ``"done"``

    The inputs should be empty, but are ignored if they are present.

  `odeplot` always returns false, i.e., don’t stop the ode solver.

  Example: solve an anonymous implementation of the `"Van der Pol"` equation and display the results while solving.

      fvdp = @(t,y) [y(2); (1 - y(1)^2) * y(2) - y(1)];

      opt = odeset ("OutputFcn", @odeplot, "RelTol", 1e-6);
      sol = ode45 (fvdp, [0 20], [2 0], opt);

  Background Information: This function is called by an ode solver function if it was specified in the `"OutputFcn"` property of an options structure created with `odeset`. The ode solver will initially call the function with the syntax `odeplot ([tfirst, tlast], y0, "init")`. The function initializes internal variables, creates a new figure window, and sets the x limits of the plot. Subsequently, at each time step during the integration the ode solver calls `odeplot (t, y, [])`. At the end of the solution the ode solver calls `odeplot ([], [], "done")` so that odeplot can perform any clean-up actions required.

  See also: odeset, odeget, ode23, ode45.

Up: Ordinary Differential Equations [Contents][Index]