# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Elliptic curves over the rational numbers

AUTHORS:

- William Stein (2005): first version

- William Stein (2006-02-26): fixed Lseries_extended which didn't work
  because of changes elsewhere in Sage.

- David Harvey (2006-09): Added padic_E2, padic_sigma, padic_height,
  padic_regulator methods.

- David Harvey (2007-02): reworked padic-height related code

- Christian Wuthrich (2007): added padic sha computation

- David Roe (2007-09): moved sha, l-series and p-adic functionality to
  separate files.

- John Cremona (2008-01)

- Tobias Nagel and Michael Mardaus (2008-07): added integral_points

- John Cremona (2008-07): further work on integral_points

- Christian Wuthrich (2010-01): moved Galois reps and modular
  parametrization in a separate file

- Simon Spicer (2013-03): Added code for modular degrees and congruence
  numbers of higher level

- Simon Spicer (2014-08): Added new analytic rank computation functionality

"""

##############################################################################
#       Copyright (C) 2005,2006,2007 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
#
#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
#
#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
#    General Public License for more details.
#
#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
#
#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
##############################################################################
from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
from six import integer_types, iteritems
from six.moves import range

from . import constructor
from . import BSD
from   .ell_generic import is_EllipticCurve
from . import ell_modular_symbols
from   .ell_number_field import EllipticCurve_number_field
from . import ell_point
from . import ell_tate_curve
from . import ell_torsion
from . import heegner
from . import mod5family
from   .modular_parametrization import ModularParameterization
from . import padics

from sage.modular.modsym.modsym import ModularSymbols
from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.space import ps_modsym_from_elliptic_curve

from sage.lfunctions.zero_sums import LFunctionZeroSum_EllipticCurve

import sage.modular.modform.constructor
import sage.modular.modform.element
import sage.databases.cremona

import sage.arith.all as arith
import sage.rings.all as rings
from sage.rings.all import (
    PowerSeriesRing,
    infinity as oo,
    ZZ, QQ,
    Integer,
    IntegerRing, RealField,
    ComplexField, RationalField)

import sage.misc.all as misc

from sage.functions.log import log

import sage.matrix.all as matrix
from sage.libs.pari.all import pari
from sage.functions.gamma import gamma_inc
from math import sqrt
from sage.interfaces.all import gp
from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
from copy import copy

Q = RationalField()
C = ComplexField()
R = RealField()
Z = IntegerRing()
IR = rings.RealIntervalField(20)

_MAX_HEIGHT=21

# complex multiplication dictionary:
# CMJ is a dict of pairs (j,D) where j is a rational CM j-invariant
# and D is the corresponding quadratic discriminant

CMJ={ 0: -3, 54000: -12, -12288000: -27, 1728: -4, 287496: -16,
      -3375: -7, 16581375: -28, 8000: -8, -32768: -11, -884736: -19,
      -884736000: -43, -147197952000: -67, -262537412640768000: -163}


class EllipticCurve_rational_field(EllipticCurve_number_field):
    r"""
    Elliptic curve over the Rational Field.

    INPUT:

    - ``ainvs`` -- a list or tuple `[a_1, a_2, a_3, a_4, a_6]` of
      Weierstrass coefficients.

    .. note::

        This class should not be called directly; use
        :class:`sage.constructor.EllipticCurve` to construct
        elliptic curves.

    EXAMPLES:

    Construction from Weierstrass coefficients (`a`-invariants), long form::

        sage: E = EllipticCurve([1,2,3,4,5]); E
        Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + 3*y = x^3 + 2*x^2 + 4*x + 5 over Rational Field

    Construction from Weierstrass coefficients (`a`-invariants),
    short form (sets `a_1 = a_2 = a_3 = 0`)::

        sage: EllipticCurve([4,5]).ainvs()
        (0, 0, 0, 4, 5)

    Constructor from a Cremona label::

        sage: EllipticCurve('389a1')
        Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 + x^2 - 2*x over Rational Field

    Constructor from an LMFDB label::

        sage: EllipticCurve('462.f3')
        Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y = x^3 - 363*x + 1305 over Rational Field

    """
    def __init__(self, ainvs, **kwds):
        r"""
        Constructor for the EllipticCurve_rational_field class.

        TESTS:

        When constructing a curve from the large database using a
        label, we must be careful that the copied generators have the
        right curve (see :trac:`10999`: the following used not to work when
        the large database was installed)::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a1')
            sage: [P.curve() is E for P in E.gens()]
            [True, True]

        """
        # Cached values for the generators, rank and regulator.
        # The format is a tuple (value, proven). "proven" is a boolean
        # which says whether or not the value was proven.
        self.__gens = None
        self.__rank = None
        self.__regulator = None

        # Other cached values
        self.__generalized_modular_degree = {}
        self.__generalized_congruence_number = {}
        self._isoclass = {}

        EllipticCurve_number_field.__init__(self, Q, ainvs)

        if 'conductor' in kwds:
            self._set_conductor(kwds['conductor'])
        if 'cremona_label' in kwds:
            self._set_cremona_label(kwds['cremona_label'])
        if 'gens' in kwds:
            self._set_gens(kwds['gens'])
        if 'lmfdb_label' in kwds:
            self._lmfdb_label = kwds['lmfdb_label']
        if 'modular_degree' in kwds:
            self._set_modular_degree(kwds['modular_degree'])
        if 'rank' in kwds:
            self._set_rank(kwds['rank'])
        if 'regulator' in kwds:
            self.__regulator = (kwds['regulator'], True)
        if 'torsion_order' in kwds:
            self._set_torsion_order(kwds['torsion_order'])

    def _set_rank(self, r):
        """
        Internal function to set the cached rank of this elliptic curve to
        r.

        .. warning::

           No checking is done! Not intended for use by users.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E._set_rank(99)  # bogus value -- not checked
            sage: E.rank()         # returns bogus cached value
            99
            sage: E._EllipticCurve_rational_field__rank = None # undo the damage
            sage: E.rank()         # the correct rank
            1
        """
        self.__rank = (Integer(r), True)

    def _set_torsion_order(self, t):
        """
        Internal function to set the cached torsion order of this elliptic
        curve to t.

        .. warning::

           No checking is done! Not intended for use by users.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E._set_torsion_order(99)  # bogus value -- not checked
            sage: E.torsion_order()         # returns bogus cached value
            99
            sage: T = E.torsion_subgroup()  # causes actual torsion to be computed
            sage: E.torsion_order()         # the correct value
            1
        """
        self.__torsion_order = Integer(t)

    def _set_cremona_label(self, L):
        """
        Internal function to set the cached label of this elliptic curve to
        L.

        .. warning::

           No checking is done! Not intended for use by users.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E._set_cremona_label('bogus')
            sage: E.label()
            'bogus'
            sage: label = E.database_attributes()['cremona_label']; label
            '37a1'
            sage: E.label() # no change
            'bogus'
            sage: E._set_cremona_label(label)
            sage: E.label() # now it is correct
            '37a1'
        """
        self.__cremona_label = L

    def _set_conductor(self, N):
        """
        Internal function to set the cached conductor of this elliptic
        curve to N.

        .. warning::

           No checking is done! Not intended for use by users.
           Setting to the wrong value will cause strange problems (see
           examples).

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E._set_conductor(99)      # bogus value -- not checked
            sage: E.conductor()             # returns bogus cached value
            99
            sage: E._set_conductor(37)
        """
        self.__conductor_pari = Integer(N)

    def _set_modular_degree(self, deg):
        """
        Internal function to set the cached modular degree of this elliptic
        curve to deg.

        .. warning::

           No checking is done!

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('5077a1')
            sage: E.modular_degree()
            1984
            sage: E._set_modular_degree(123456789)
            sage: E.modular_degree()
            123456789
            sage: E._set_modular_degree(1984)
        """
        self.__modular_degree = Integer(deg)

    def _set_gens(self, gens):
        """
        Internal function to set the cached generators of this elliptic
        curve to gens.

        .. warning::

           No checking is done!

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('5077a1')
            sage: E.rank()
            3
            sage: E.gens() # random
            [(-2 : 3 : 1), (-7/4 : 25/8 : 1), (1 : -1 : 1)]
            sage: E._set_gens([]) # bogus list
            sage: E.rank()        # unchanged
            3
            sage: E._set_gens([E(-2,3), E(-1,3), E(0,2)])
            sage: E.gens()
            [(-2 : 3 : 1), (-1 : 3 : 1), (0 : 2 : 1)]
        """
        gens = sorted(self.point(x, check=True) for x in gens)
        self.__gens = (gens, True)

    def lmfdb_page(self):
        r"""
        Open the LMFDB web page of the elliptic curve in a browser.

        See http://www.lmfdb.org

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('5077a1')
            sage: E.lmfdb_page()  # optional -- webbrowser
        """
        import webbrowser
        lmfdb_url = 'http://www.lmfdb.org/EllipticCurve/Q/{}'
        if hasattr(self, "_lmfdb_label") and self._lmfdb_label:
            url = lmfdb_url.format(self._lmfdb_label)
        else:
            url = lmfdb_url.format(self.cremona_label())
        webbrowser.open(url)

    def is_p_integral(self, p):
        r"""
        Return ``True`` if this elliptic curve has `p`-integral
        coefficients.

        INPUT:

        -  ``p`` -- a prime integer

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve(QQ,[1,1]); E
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x + 1 over Rational Field
            sage: E.is_p_integral(2)
            True
            sage: E2=E.change_weierstrass_model(2,0,0,0); E2
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1/16*x + 1/64 over Rational Field
            sage: E2.is_p_integral(2)
            False
            sage: E2.is_p_integral(3)
            True
        """
        if not arith.is_prime(p):
            raise ArithmeticError("p must be prime")
        if self.is_integral():
            return True
        return bool(misc.mul([x.valuation(p) >= 0 for x in self.ainvs()]))

    def is_integral(self):
        """
        Return ``True`` if this elliptic curve has integral coefficients (in
        Z).

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve(QQ,[1,1]); E
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x + 1 over Rational Field
            sage: E.is_integral()
            True
            sage: E2=E.change_weierstrass_model(2,0,0,0); E2
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1/16*x + 1/64 over Rational Field
            sage: E2.is_integral()
            False
        """
        try:
            return self.__is_integral
        except AttributeError:
            self.__is_integral = bool(misc.mul([x.denominator() == 1 for x in self.ainvs()]))
            return self.__is_integral


    def mwrank(self, options=''):
        r"""
        Run Cremona's mwrank program on this elliptic curve and return the
        result as a string.

        INPUT:


        -  ``options`` (string) -- run-time options passed when starting mwrank.
           The format is as follows (see below for examples of usage):

           - ``-v n``    (verbosity level)       sets verbosity to n (default=1)
           - ``-o``      (PARI/GP style output flag)  turns ON extra PARI/GP short output (default is OFF)
           - ``-p n``    (precision)       sets precision to `n` decimals (default=15)
           - ``-b n``    (quartic bound)   bound on quartic point search (default=10)
           - ``-x n``    (n_aux)           number of aux primes used for sieving (default=6)
           - ``-l``      (generator list flag)            turns ON listing of points (default ON unless v=0)
           - ``-s``      (selmer_only flag)     if set, computes Selmer rank only (default: not set)
           - ``-d``      (skip_2nd_descent flag)        if set, skips the second descent for curves with 2-torsion (default: not set)
           - ``-S n``    (sat_bd)          upper bound on saturation primes (default=100, -1 for automatic)

        OUTPUT:

        -  ``string`` - output of mwrank on this curve


        .. note::

           The output is a raw string and completely illegible using
           automatic display, so it is recommended to use print for
           legible output.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.mwrank() #random
            ...
            sage: print(E.mwrank())
            Curve [0,0,1,-1,0] :        Basic pair: I=48, J=-432
            disc=255744
            ...
            Generator 1 is [0:-1:1]; height 0.05111...

            Regulator = 0.05111...

            The rank and full Mordell-Weil basis have been determined unconditionally.
            ...

        Options to mwrank can be passed::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,877,0])

        Run mwrank with 'verbose' flag set to 0 but list generators if
        found

        ::

            sage: print(E.mwrank('-v0 -l'))
            Curve [0,0,0,877,0] :   0 <= rank <= 1
            Regulator = 1

        Run mwrank again, this time with a higher bound for point searching
        on homogeneous spaces::

            sage: print(E.mwrank('-v0 -l -b11'))
            Curve [0,0,0,877,0] :   Rank = 1
            Generator 1 is [29604565304828237474403861024284371796799791624792913256602210:-256256267988926809388776834045513089648669153204356603464786949:490078023219787588959802933995928925096061616470779979261000]; height 95.98037...
            Regulator = 95.98037...
        """
        if not options:
            from sage.interfaces.all import mwrank
        else:
            from sage.interfaces.all import Mwrank
            mwrank = Mwrank(options=options)
        return mwrank(list(self.a_invariants()))

    def conductor(self, algorithm="pari"):
        """
        Return the conductor of the elliptic curve.

        INPUT:


        -  ``algorithm`` - str, (default: "pari")

           -  ``"pari"`` - use the PARI C-library :pari:`ellglobalred`
              implementation of Tate's algorithm

           -  ``"mwrank"`` - use Cremona's mwrank implementation
              of Tate's algorithm; can be faster if the curve has integer
              coefficients (TODO: limited to small conductor until mwrank gets
              integer factorization)

           -  ``"gp"`` - use the GP interpreter.

           -  ``"generic"`` - use the general number field
              implementation

           -  ``"all"`` - use all four implementations, verify
              that the results are the same (or raise an error), and output the
              common value.


        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, -1, 1, -29372, -1932937])
            sage: E.conductor(algorithm="pari")
            3006
            sage: E.conductor(algorithm="mwrank")
            3006
            sage: E.conductor(algorithm="gp")
            3006
            sage: E.conductor(algorithm="generic")
            3006
            sage: E.conductor(algorithm="all")
            3006

        .. note::

           The conductor computed using each algorithm is cached
           separately. Thus calling ``E.conductor('pari')``, then
           ``E.conductor('mwrank')`` and getting the same result
           checks that both systems compute the same answer.

        TESTS::

            sage: E.conductor(algorithm="bogus")
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            ValueError: algorithm 'bogus' is not known
        """
        if algorithm == "pari":
            try:
                return self.__conductor_pari
            except AttributeError:
                self.__conductor_pari = Integer(self.pari_mincurve().ellglobalred()[0])
            return self.__conductor_pari

        elif algorithm == "gp":
            try:
                return self.__conductor_gp
            except AttributeError:
                self.__conductor_gp = Integer(gp.eval('ellglobalred(ellinit(%s,0))[1]'%list(self.a_invariants())))
                return self.__conductor_gp

        elif algorithm == "mwrank":
            try:
                return self.__conductor_mwrank
            except AttributeError:
                if self.is_integral():
                    self.__conductor_mwrank = Integer(self.mwrank_curve().conductor())
                else:
                    self.__conductor_mwrank = Integer(self.minimal_model().mwrank_curve().conductor())
            return self.__conductor_mwrank

        elif algorithm == "generic":
            try:
                return self.__conductor_generic
            except AttributeError:
                self.__conductor_generic = sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_number_field.EllipticCurve_number_field.conductor(self).gen()
                return self.__conductor_generic

        elif algorithm == "all":
            N1 = self.conductor("pari")
            N2 = self.conductor("mwrank")
            N3 = self.conductor("gp")
            N4 = self.conductor("generic")
            if N1 != N2 or N2 != N3 or N2 != N4:
                raise ArithmeticError("PARI, mwrank, gp and Sage compute different conductors (%s,%s,%s,%s) for %s"%(
                    N1, N2, N3, N4, self))
            return N1
        else:
            raise ValueError("algorithm %r is not known"%algorithm)

    ####################################################################
    #  Access to PARI curves related to this curve.
    ####################################################################

    def pari_curve(self):
        """
        Return the PARI curve corresponding to this elliptic curve.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 1, -1, 0])
            sage: e = E.pari_curve()
            sage: type(e)
            <... 'cypari2.gen.Gen'>
            sage: e.type()
            't_VEC'
            sage: e.ellan(10)
            [1, -2, -3, 2, -2, 6, -1, 0, 6, 4]

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve(RationalField(), ['1/3', '2/3'])
            sage: e = E.pari_curve()
            sage: e[:5]
            [0, 0, 0, 1/3, 2/3]

        When doing certain computations, PARI caches the results::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: _ = E.__dict__.pop('_pari_curve', None)  # clear cached data
            sage: Epari = E.pari_curve()
            sage: Epari
            [0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, -2, 1, -1, 48, -216, 37, 110592/37, Vecsmall([1]), [Vecsmall([64, 1])], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]
            sage: Epari.omega()
            [2.99345864623196, -2.45138938198679*I]
            sage: Epari
            [0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, -2, 1, -1, 48, -216, 37, 110592/37, Vecsmall([1]), [Vecsmall([64, 1])], [[2.99345864623196, -2.45138938198679*I], 0, [0.837565435283323, 0.269594436405445, -1.10715987168877, 1.37675430809421, 1.94472530697209, 0.567970998877878]~, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]

        This shows that the bug uncovered by :trac:`4715` is fixed::

            sage: Ep = EllipticCurve('903b3').pari_curve()

        This still works, even when the curve coefficients are large
        (see :trac:`13163`)::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([4382696457564794691603442338788106497, 28, 3992, 16777216, 298])
            sage: E.pari_curve()
            [4382696457564794691603442338788106497, 28, 3992, 16777216, 298, ...]
            sage: E.minimal_model()
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 7686423934083797390675981169229171907674183588326184511391146727143672423167091484392497987721106542488224058921302964259990799229848935835464702*x + 8202280443553761483773108648734271851215988504820214784899752662100459663011709992446860978259617135893103951840830254045837355547141096270521198994389833928471736723050112419004202643591202131091441454709193394358885 over Rational Field
        """
        try:
            return self._pari_curve
        except AttributeError:
            self._pari_curve = pari(self.a_invariants()).ellinit()
            return self._pari_curve

    def pari_mincurve(self):
        """
        Return the PARI curve corresponding to a minimal model for this
        elliptic curve.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve(RationalField(), ['1/3', '2/3'])
            sage: e = E.pari_mincurve()
            sage: e[:5]
            [0, 0, 0, 27, 486]
            sage: E.conductor()
            47232
            sage: e.ellglobalred()
            [47232, [1, 0, 0, 0], 2, [2, 7; 3, 2; 41, 1], [[7, 2, 0, 1], [2, -3, 0, 2], [1, 5, 0, 1]]]
        """
        try:
            return self._pari_mincurve
        except AttributeError:
            mc, change = self.pari_curve().ellminimalmodel()
            self._pari_mincurve = mc
            return self._pari_mincurve

    @cached_method
    def database_attributes(self):
        """
        Return a dictionary containing information about ``self`` in
        the elliptic curve database.

        If there is no elliptic curve isomorphic to ``self`` in the
        database, a ``LookupError`` is raised.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve((0, 0, 1, -1, 0))
            sage: data = E.database_attributes()
            sage: data['conductor']
            37
            sage: data['cremona_label']
            '37a1'
            sage: data['rank']
            1
            sage: data['torsion_order']
            1

            sage: E = EllipticCurve((8, 13, 21, 34, 55))
            sage: E.database_attributes()
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            LookupError: Cremona database does not contain entry for Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + 8*x*y + 21*y = x^3 + 13*x^2 + 34*x + 55 over Rational Field
        """
        from sage.databases.cremona import CremonaDatabase
        ainvs = self.minimal_model().ainvs()
        try:
            return CremonaDatabase().data_from_coefficients(ainvs)
        except RuntimeError:
            raise LookupError("Cremona database does not contain entry for " + repr(self))

    def database_curve(self):
        """
        Return the curve in the elliptic curve database isomorphic to this
        curve, if possible. Otherwise raise a ``LookupError`` exception.

        Since :trac:`11474`, this returns exactly the same curve as
        :meth:`minimal_model`; the only difference is the additional
        work of checking whether the curve is in the database.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1,2,3,4])
            sage: E.database_curve()
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2  = x^3 + x^2 + 3*x + 5 over Rational Field

        .. note::

           The model of the curve in the database can be different
           from the Weierstrass model for this curve, e.g., database
           models are always minimal.
        """
        try:
            return self.__database_curve
        except AttributeError:
            misc.verbose("Looking up %s in the database."%self)
            D = sage.databases.cremona.CremonaDatabase()
            ainvs = list(self.minimal_model().ainvs())
            try:
                self.__database_curve = D.elliptic_curve_from_ainvs(ainvs)
            except RuntimeError:
                raise RuntimeError("Elliptic curve %s not in the database."%self)
            return self.__database_curve

    def Np(self, p):
        r"""
        The number of points on `E` modulo `p`.

        INPUT:

        - ``p`` (int) -- a prime, not necessarily of good reduction.


        OUTPUT:

        (int) The number ofpoints on the reduction of `E` modulo `p`
        (including the singular point when `p` is a prime of bad
        reduction).

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, -1, 1, -10, -20])
            sage: E.Np(2)
            5
            sage: E.Np(3)
            5
            sage: E.conductor()
            11
            sage: E.Np(11)
            11

        This even works when the prime is large::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: E.Np(next_prime(10^30))
            1000000000000001426441464441649
        """
        if self.conductor() % p == 0:
            return p + 1 - self.ap(p)
        return p+1 - self.ap(p)

    ####################################################################
    #  Access to mwrank
    ####################################################################
    def mwrank_curve(self, verbose=False):
        """
        Construct an mwrank_EllipticCurve from this elliptic curve

        The resulting mwrank_EllipticCurve has available methods from John
        Cremona's eclib library.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a1')
            sage: EE = E.mwrank_curve()
            sage: EE
            y^2+ y = x^3 - x^2 - 10*x - 20
            sage: type(EE)
            <class 'sage.libs.eclib.interface.mwrank_EllipticCurve'>
            sage: EE.isogeny_class()
            ([[0, -1, 1, -10, -20], [0, -1, 1, -7820, -263580], [0, -1, 1, 0, 0]],
            [[0, 5, 5], [5, 0, 0], [5, 0, 0]])
        """
        try:
            return self.__mwrank_curve
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        from sage.libs.eclib.all import mwrank_EllipticCurve
        self.__mwrank_curve = mwrank_EllipticCurve(self.ainvs(), verbose=verbose)
        return self.__mwrank_curve

    def two_descent(self, verbose=True,
                    selmer_only = False,
                    first_limit = 20,
                    second_limit = 8,
                    n_aux = -1,
                    second_descent = 1):
        """
        Compute 2-descent data for this curve.

        INPUT:


        -  ``verbose`` - (default: True) print what mwrank is
           doing. If False, **no output** is printed.

        -  ``selmer_only`` - (default: ``False``) selmer_only
           switch

        -  ``first_limit`` - (default: 20) firstlim is bound
           on x+z second_limit- (default: 8) secondlim is bound on log max
           x,z , i.e. logarithmic

        -  ``n_aux`` - (default: -1) n_aux only relevant for
           general 2-descent when 2-torsion trivial; n_aux=-1 causes default
           to be used (depends on method)

        -  ``second_descent`` - (default: True)
           second_descent only relevant for descent via 2-isogeny


        OUTPUT:

        Return ``True`` if the descent succeeded, i.e. if the lower bound and
        the upper bound for the rank are the same. In this case, generators and
        the rank are cached. A return value of ``False`` indicates that either
        rational points were not found, or that Sha[2] is nontrivial and mwrank
        was unable to determine this for sure.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.two_descent(verbose=False)
            True

        """
        misc.verbose("Calling mwrank C++ library.")
        C = self.mwrank_curve()
        C.two_descent(verbose, selmer_only,
                        first_limit, second_limit,
                        n_aux, second_descent)
        if C.certain():
            gens = sorted(self.point(x, check=True) for x in C.gens())
            self.__gens = (gens, True)
            self.__rank = (Integer(len(gens)), True)
        return C.certain()

    ####################################################################
    #  Etc.
    ####################################################################

    def aplist(self, n, python_ints=False):
        r"""
        The Fourier coefficients `a_p` of the modular form
        attached to this elliptic curve, for all primes `p\leq n`.

        INPUT:


        -  ``n`` - integer

        -  ``python_ints`` - bool (default: ``False``); if ``True``
           return a list of Python ints instead of Sage integers.


        OUTPUT: list of integers

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: e = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: e.aplist(1)
            []
            sage: e.aplist(2)
            [-2]
            sage: e.aplist(10)
            [-2, -3, -2, -1]
            sage: v = e.aplist(13); v
            [-2, -3, -2, -1, -5, -2]
            sage: type(v[0])
            <... 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
            sage: type(e.aplist(13, python_ints=True)[0])
            <... 'int'>
        """
        e = self.pari_mincurve()
        v = e.ellaplist(n, python_ints=True)
        if python_ints:
            return v
        else:
            return [Integer(a) for a in v]



    def anlist(self, n, python_ints=False):
        """
        The Fourier coefficients up to and including `a_n` of the
        modular form attached to this elliptic curve. The i-th element of
        the return list is a[i].

        INPUT:


        -  ``n`` - integer

        -  ``python_ints`` - bool (default: ``False``); if ``True``
           return a list of Python ints instead of Sage integers.


        OUTPUT: list of integers

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, -1, 1, -10, -20])
            sage: E.anlist(3)
            [0, 1, -2, -1]

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1])
            sage: E.anlist(20)
            [0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0]
        """
        n = int(n)
        e = self.pari_mincurve()
        if n >= 2147483648:
            raise RuntimeError("anlist: n (=%s) must be < 2147483648."%n)

        v = [0] + e.ellan(n, python_ints=True)
        if not python_ints:
            v = [Integer(x) for x in v]
        return v


        # There is some overhead associated with coercing the PARI
        # list back to Python, but it's not bad.  It's better to do it
        # this way instead of trying to eval the whole list, since the
        # int conversion is done very sensibly.  NOTE: This would fail
        # if a_n won't fit in a C int, i.e., is bigger than
        # 2147483648; however, we wouldn't realistically compute
        # anlist for n that large anyway.
        #
        # Some relevant timings:
        #
        # E <--> [0, 1, 1, -2, 0]   389A
        #  E = EllipticCurve([0, 1, 1, -2, 0]);   // Sage or MAGMA
        #  e = E.pari_mincurve()
        #  f = ellinit([0,1,1,-2,0]);
        #
        #  Computation                                              Time (1.6Ghz Pentium-4m laptop)
        #  time v:=TracesOfFrobenius(E,10000);  // MAGMA            0.120
        #  gettime;v=ellan(f,10000);gettime/1000                    0.046
        #  time v=e.ellan (10000)                                   0.04
        #  time v=E.anlist(10000)                                   0.07

        #  time v:=TracesOfFrobenius(E,100000);  // MAGMA           1.620
        #  gettime;v=ellan(f,100000);gettime/1000                   0.676
        #  time v=e.ellan (100000)                                  0.7
        #  time v=E.anlist(100000)                                  0.83

        #  time v:=TracesOfFrobenius(E,1000000);  // MAGMA          20.850
        #  gettime;v=ellan(f,1000000);gettime/1000                  9.238
        #  time v=e.ellan (1000000)                                 9.61
        #  time v=E.anlist(1000000)                                 10.95  (13.171 in cygwin vmware)

        #  time v:=TracesOfFrobenius(E,10000000);  //MAGMA          257.850
        #  gettime;v=ellan(f,10000000);gettime/1000      FAILS no matter how many allocatemem()'s!!
        #  time v=e.ellan (10000000)                                139.37
        #  time v=E.anlist(10000000)                                136.32
        #
        #  The last Sage comp retries with stack size 40MB,
        #  80MB, 160MB, and succeeds last time.  It's very interesting that this
        #  last computation is *not* possible in GP, but works in py_pari!
        #

    def q_expansion(self, prec):
        r"""
        Return the `q`-expansion to precision prec of the newform
        attached to this elliptic curve.

        INPUT:


        -  ``prec`` - an integer


        OUTPUT:

        a power series (in the variable 'q')

        .. note::

           If you want the output to be a modular form and not just a
           `q`-expansion, use :meth:`.modular_form`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.q_expansion(20)
            q - 2*q^2 - 3*q^3 + 2*q^4 - 2*q^5 + 6*q^6 - q^7 + 6*q^9 + 4*q^10 - 5*q^11 - 6*q^12 - 2*q^13 + 2*q^14 + 6*q^15 - 4*q^16 - 12*q^18 + O(q^20)
        """
        return PowerSeriesRing(Q, 'q')(self.anlist(prec), prec, check=True)

    def modular_form(self):
        r"""
        Return the cuspidal modular form associated to this elliptic
        curve.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: f = E.modular_form()
            sage: f
            q - 2*q^2 - 3*q^3 + 2*q^4 - 2*q^5 + O(q^6)

        If you need to see more terms in the `q`-expansion::

            sage: f.q_expansion(20)
            q - 2*q^2 - 3*q^3 + 2*q^4 - 2*q^5 + 6*q^6 - q^7 + 6*q^9 + 4*q^10 - 5*q^11 - 6*q^12 - 2*q^13 + 2*q^14 + 6*q^15 - 4*q^16 - 12*q^18 + O(q^20)

        .. note::

           If you just want the `q`-expansion, use
           :meth:`.q_expansion`.
        """
        try:
            return self.__modular_form
        except AttributeError:
            M = sage.modular.modform.constructor.ModularForms(self.conductor(),weight=2)
            f = sage.modular.modform.element.ModularFormElement_elliptic_curve(M, self)
            self.__modular_form = f
            return f

    def modular_symbol_space(self, sign=1, base_ring=Q, bound=None):
        r"""
        Return the space of cuspidal modular symbols associated to this
        elliptic curve, with given sign and base ring.

        INPUT:


        -  ``sign`` - 0, -1, or 1

        -  ``base_ring`` - a ring


        EXAMPLES::

            sage: f = EllipticCurve('37b')
            sage: f.modular_symbol_space()
            Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(37) of weight 2 with sign 1 over Rational Field
            sage: f.modular_symbol_space(-1)
            Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 2 for Gamma_0(37) of weight 2 with sign -1 over Rational Field
            sage: f.modular_symbol_space(0, bound=3)
            Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(37) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field

        .. note::

           If you just want the `q`-expansion, use
           :meth:`.q_expansion`.
        """
        typ = (sign, base_ring)
        try:
            return self.__modular_symbol_space[typ]
        except AttributeError:
            self.__modular_symbol_space = {}
        except KeyError:
            pass
        M = ell_modular_symbols.modular_symbol_space(self, sign, base_ring, bound=bound)
        self.__modular_symbol_space[typ] = M
        return M

    def abelian_variety(self):
        r"""
        Return self as a modular abelian variety.

        OUTPUT:

        - a modular abelian variety

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a')
            sage: E.abelian_variety()
            Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('33a')
            sage: E.abelian_variety()
            Abelian subvariety of dimension 1 of J0(33)
        """
        return self.modular_symbol_space(sign=0).abelian_variety()

    def _modular_symbol_normalize(self, sign, normalize, implementation):
        r"""
        Normalize parameters for :meth:`modular_symbol`.

        TESTS::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.modular_symbol(implementation = 'eclib') is E.modular_symbol(implementation = 'eclib', normalize = 'L_ratio')
            True
        """
        if sign not in [1,-1]:
            raise ValueError("The sign of a modular symbol must be 1 or -1")
        sign = ZZ(sign)
        if normalize is None:
            normalize = "L_ratio"
        if normalize not in ["L_ratio", "period", "none"]:
            raise ValueError("normalize should be one of 'L_ratio', 'period' or 'none'")
        if implementation not in ["sage", "eclib"]:
            raise ValueError("Implementation should be one of 'sage' or 'eclib'")
        return (sign, normalize, implementation)

    @cached_method(key = _modular_symbol_normalize)
    def modular_symbol(self, sign=+1, normalize=None, implementation='eclib'):
        r"""
        Return the modular symbol associated to this elliptic curve,
        with given sign.

        INPUT:

        -  ``sign`` - +1 (default) or -1.

        -  ``normalize`` - (default: None); either 'L_ratio', 'period',
           or 'none' when ``implementation`` is 'sage'; ignored if
           ``implementation`` is ``eclib``.  For 'L_ratio', the
           modular symbol tries to normalize correctly as explained
           below by comparing it to ``L_ratio`` for the curve and some
           small twists.  The normalization 'period' uses the
           ``integral_period_map`` for modular symbols which is known
           to be equal to the desired normalization, up to the sign
           and a possible power of 2.  With normalization 'none', the
           modular symbol is almost certainly not correctly
           normalized, i.e. all values will be a fixed scalar multiple
           of what they should be.  However, the initial computation
           of the modular symbol is much faster when implementation
           ``sage`` is chosen, though evaluation of it after computing
           it is no faster.

        -  ``implementation`` - either 'eclib' (default) or
           'sage'. Here 'eclib' uses John Cremona's implementation in
           the eclib library, while 'sage' uses an implementation
           in Sage which is often quite a bit slower.

        .. SEEALSO::

            :meth:`modular_symbol_numerical`

        .. note::

           The value at a rational number `r` is proportional to the
           real or imaginary part of the integral of `2 \pi i f(z) dz`
           from `\infty` to `r`, where `f` is the newform attached to
           `E`, suitably normalized so that all values of this map
           take values in `\QQ`.

           The normalization is such that for sign +1, the value at
           the cusp `r` is equal to the quotient of the real part of
           `\int_{\infty}^{r}2\pi i f(z)dz` by the least positive
           period of `E`, where `f` is the newform attached to the
           isogeny class of `E`.  This is in contrast to the method
           ``L_ratio`` of ``lseries()``, where the value is also
           divided by the number of connected components of
           `E(\RR)`). In particular the modular symbol depends on `E`
           and not only the isogeny class of `E`.  For negative
           modular symbols, the value is the quotient of the imaginary
           part of the above integral by the imaginary part of the
           smallest positive imaginary period.


        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: M = E.modular_symbol(); M
            Modular symbol with sign 1 over Rational Field attached to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x over Rational Field
            sage: M(1/2)
            0
            sage: M(1/5)
            1

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('121b1')
            sage: M = E.modular_symbol(implementation="sage")
            Warning : Could not normalize the modular symbols, maybe all further results will be multiplied by -1 and a power of 2
            sage: M(1/7)
            -1/2

        Different curves in an isogeny class have modular symbols
        which differ by a nonzero rational factor::

            sage: E1 = EllipticCurve('11a1')
            sage: M1 = E1.modular_symbol()
            sage: M1(0)
            1/5
            sage: E2 = EllipticCurve('11a2')
            sage: M2 = E2.modular_symbol()
            sage: M2(0)
            1
            sage: E3 = EllipticCurve('11a3')
            sage: M3 = E3.modular_symbol()
            sage: M3(0)
            1/25
            sage: all(5*M1(r)==M2(r)==25*M3(r) for r in QQ.range_by_height(10))
            True

        With the default implementation using ``eclib``, the symbols
        are correctly normalized automatically.  With the ``Sage``
        implementation we can choose to normalize using the L-ratio,
        unless that is 0 (for curves of positive rank) or using
        periods.  Here is an example where the symbol is already
        normalized::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a2')
            sage: E.modular_symbol(implementation = 'eclib')(0)
            1
            sage: E.modular_symbol(implementation = 'sage', normalize='L_ratio')(0)
            1
            sage: E.modular_symbol(implementation = 'sage', normalize='none')(0)
            1
            sage: E.modular_symbol(implementation = 'sage', normalize='period')(0)
            1

        Here is an example where both normalization methods work,
        while the non-normalized symbol is incorrect::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a3')
            sage: E.modular_symbol(implementation = 'eclib')(0)
            1/25
            sage: E.modular_symbol(implementation = 'sage', normalize='none')(0)
            1
            sage: E.modular_symbol(implementation = 'sage', normalize='L_ratio')(0)
            1/25
            sage: E.modular_symbol(implementation = 'sage', normalize='period')(0)
            1/25


        Since :trac:`10256`, the interface for negative modular symbols in eclib is available::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a1')
            sage: Mplus = E.modular_symbol(+1); Mplus
            Modular symbol with sign 1 over Rational Field attached to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x^2 - 10*x - 20 over Rational Field
            sage: [Mplus(1/i) for i in [1..11]]
            [1/5, -4/5, -3/10, 7/10, 6/5, 6/5, 7/10, -3/10, -4/5, 1/5, 0]
            sage: Mminus = E.modular_symbol(-1); Mminus
            Modular symbol with sign -1 over Rational Field attached to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x^2 - 10*x - 20 over Rational Field
            sage: [Mminus(1/i) for i in [1..11]]
            [0, 0, 1/2, 1/2, 0, 0, -1/2, -1/2, 0, 0, 0]
        """
        sign, normalize, implementation = self._modular_symbol_normalize(sign, normalize, implementation)
        if implementation == 'eclib':
            M = ell_modular_symbols.ModularSymbolECLIB(self, sign)
        else:  # implementation == 'sage':
            M = ell_modular_symbols.ModularSymbolSage(self, sign, normalize=normalize)
        return M

    def _modsym(self, tau, prec=53):
        r"""
        Compute the modular symbol `\{\infty, \tau\}` analytically.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a1')
            sage: E._modsym(0)  # abs tol 1e-14
            0.253841860855911 - 2.86184184507043e-17*I
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('17a1')
            sage: E._modsym(0)  # abs tol 1e-14
            0.386769938387780 - 4.26353246509333e-17*I
        """
        from sage.modular.cusps import Cusps
        from sage.sets.all import Primes
        N = self.conductor()
        # Find a prime p that is suitable, along with matrices M[i].
        for p in Primes():
            if N % p == 0:
                continue
            # Are the cusps tau, p*tau, and (tau+j)/p for j = 0, ..., p-1
            # all equivalent?
            t = Cusps(tau)
            M = []
            b, m = t.is_gamma0_equiv(p * tau, N, transformation='matrix')
            if not b:
                continue
            M.append(m)
            good = True
            for j in range(p):
                b, m = t.is_gamma0_equiv((tau + j) / p, N,
                                         transformation='matrix')
                if not b:
                    good = False
                    break
                M.append(m)
            if good:
                # Found it!
                break
        f = self.newform()
        return -sum(f.period(m, prec) for m in M) / (1 + p - self.ap(p))

    def modular_symbol_numerical(self, sign=1, prec=53):
        """
        Return the modular symbol as a numerical function.

        .. NOTE::

            This method does not compute spaces of modular symbols, so
            it is suitable for curves of larger conductor than can be
            handled by :meth:`modular_symbol`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('19a1')
            sage: f = E.modular_symbol_numerical(1)
            sage: g = E.modular_symbol()
            sage: f(0), g(0)  # abs tol 1e-14
            (0.333333333333330, 1/3)
            sage: f(oo), g(oo)
            (-0.000000000000000, 0)

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('79a1')
            sage: f = E.modular_symbol_numerical(-1)
            sage: g = E.modular_symbol(-1, implementation="sage")
            sage: f(1/3), g(1/3)  # abs tol 1e-13
            (1.00000000000001, 1)
            sage: f(oo), g(oo)
            (0.000000000000000, 0)
        """
        lam = self.period_lattice().basis(prec=prec)
        if sign == 1:
            P = lam[0].real()
            return lambda a: self._modsym(a, prec).real() / P
        else:
            P = lam[1].imag()
            return lambda a: self._modsym(a, prec).imag() / P


    def pollack_stevens_modular_symbol(self, sign=0, implementation='eclib'):
        """
        Create the modular symbol attached to the elliptic curve,
        suitable for overconvergent calculations.

        INPUT:

        - ``sign`` -- +1 or -1 or 0 (default), in which case this it
          is the sum of the two

        - ``implementation`` -- either 'eclib' (default) or 'sage'.
          This determines classical modular symbols which implementation
          of the underlying classical  modular symbols is used

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('113a1')
            sage: symb = E.pollack_stevens_modular_symbol()
            sage: symb
            Modular symbol of level 113 with values in Sym^0 Q^2
            sage: symb.values()
            [-1/2, 1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 1, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0]

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,1])
            sage: symb = E.pollack_stevens_modular_symbol(+1)
            sage: symb.values()
            [-1/6, 1/12, 0, 1/6, 1/12, 1/3, -1/12, 0, -1/6, -1/12, -1/4, -1/6, 1/12]
        """
        typ = (sign, implementation)
        try:
            return self.__modular_symbol[typ] # Doesn't collide with original implementation because tuple is length two here.
        except AttributeError:
            self.__modular_symbol = {}
        except KeyError:
            pass
        M = ps_modsym_from_elliptic_curve(self, sign, implementation=implementation)
        self.__modular_symbol[typ] = M
        return M

    _normalize_padic_lseries = padics._normalize_padic_lseries
    padic_lseries = padics.padic_lseries

    def newform(self):
        r"""
        Same as ``self.modular_form()``.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.newform()
            q - 2*q^2 - 3*q^3 + 2*q^4 - 2*q^5 + O(q^6)
            sage: E.newform() == E.modular_form()
            True
        """
        return self.modular_form()

    def q_eigenform(self, prec):
        r"""
        Synonym for ``self.q_expansion(prec)``.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.q_eigenform(10)
            q - 2*q^2 - 3*q^3 + 2*q^4 - 2*q^5 + 6*q^6 - q^7 + 6*q^9 + O(q^10)
            sage: E.q_eigenform(10) == E.q_expansion(10)
            True
        """
        return self.q_expansion(prec)

    def analytic_rank(self, algorithm="pari", leading_coefficient=False):
        r"""
        Return an integer that is *probably* the analytic rank of this
        elliptic curve.

        INPUT:

        - ``algorithm`` -- (default: 'pari'), String

          - ``'pari'`` -- use the PARI library function.
          - ``'sympow'`` -- use Watkins's program sympow
          - ``'rubinstein'`` -- use Rubinstein's L-function C++ program lcalc.
          - ``'magma'`` -- use MAGMA
          - ``'zero_sum'`` -- Use the rank bounding zero sum method implemented
            in self.analytic_rank_upper_bound()
          - ``'all'`` -- compute with PARI, sympow and lcalc, check that
            the answers agree, and return the common answer.

        - ``leading_coefficient`` -- (default: ``False``) Boolean; if set to
          True, return a tuple `(rank, lead)` where `lead` is the value of
          the first non-zero derivative of the L-function of the elliptic
          curve. Only implemented for algorithm='pari'.

        .. note::

           If the curve is loaded from the large Cremona database,
           then the modular degree is taken from the database.

        Of the first three algorithms above, probably Rubinstein's is the
        most efficient (in some limited testing done). The zero sum method
        is often *much* faster, but can return a value which is strictly
        larger than the analytic rank. For curves with conductor <=10^9
        using default parameters, testing indicates that for 99.75% of
        curves the returned rank bound is the true rank.

        .. note::

            If you use set_verbose(1), extra information about the computation
            will be printed when algorithm='zero_sum'.

        .. note::

            It is an open problem to *prove* that *any* particular
            elliptic curve has analytic rank `\geq 4`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
            sage: E.analytic_rank(algorithm='pari')
            2
            sage: E.analytic_rank(algorithm='rubinstein')
            2
            sage: E.analytic_rank(algorithm='sympow')
            2
            sage: E.analytic_rank(algorithm='magma')    # optional - magma
            2
            sage: E.analytic_rank(algorithm='zero_sum')
            2
            sage: E.analytic_rank(algorithm='all')
            2

        With the optional parameter leading_coefficient set to ``True``, a
        tuple of both the analytic rank and the leading term of the
        L-series at `s = 1` is returned. This only works for algorithm=='pari'::

            sage: EllipticCurve([0,-1,1,-10,-20]).analytic_rank(leading_coefficient=True)
            (0, 0.25384186085591068...)
            sage: EllipticCurve([0,0,1,-1,0]).analytic_rank(leading_coefficient=True)
            (1, 0.30599977383405230...)
            sage: EllipticCurve([0,1,1,-2,0]).analytic_rank(leading_coefficient=True)
            (2, 1.518633000576853...)
            sage: EllipticCurve([0,0,1,-7,6]).analytic_rank(leading_coefficient=True)
            (3, 10.39109940071580...)
            sage: EllipticCurve([0,0,1,-7,36]).analytic_rank(leading_coefficient=True)
            (4, 196.170903794579...)

        TESTS:

        When the input is horrendous, some of the algorithms just bomb out with a RuntimeError::

            sage: EllipticCurve([1234567,89101112]).analytic_rank(algorithm='rubinstein')
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            RuntimeError: unable to compute analytic rank using rubinstein algorithm (unable to convert ' 6.19283e+19 and is too large' to an integer)
            sage: EllipticCurve([1234567,89101112]).analytic_rank(algorithm='sympow')
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            RuntimeError: failed to compute analytic rank
        """
        if algorithm == 'pari':
            rank_lead = self.pari_curve().ellanalyticrank()
            if leading_coefficient:
                return (rings.Integer(rank_lead[0]), rank_lead[1].sage())
            else:
                return rings.Integer(self.pari_curve().ellanalyticrank()[0])
        elif algorithm == 'rubinstein':
            if leading_coefficient:
                raise NotImplementedError("Cannot compute leading coefficient using rubinstein algorithm")
            try:
                from sage.lfunctions.lcalc import lcalc
                return lcalc.analytic_rank(L=self)
            except TypeError as msg:
                raise RuntimeError("unable to compute analytic rank using rubinstein algorithm (%s)"%msg)
        elif algorithm == 'sympow':
            if leading_coefficient:
                raise NotImplementedError("Cannot compute leading coefficient using sympow")
            from sage.lfunctions.sympow import sympow
            return sympow.analytic_rank(self)[0]
        elif algorithm == 'magma':
            if leading_coefficient:
                raise NotImplementedError("Cannot compute leading coefficient using magma")
            from sage.interfaces.all import magma
            return rings.Integer(magma(self).AnalyticRank())
        elif algorithm == 'zero_sum':
            if leading_coefficient:
                s = "Cannot compute leading coefficient using the zero sum method"
                raise NotImplementedError(s)
            return self.analytic_rank_upper_bound()
        elif algorithm == 'all':
            if leading_coefficient:
                S = set([self.analytic_rank('pari', True)])
            else:
                S = set([self.analytic_rank('pari'),
                    self.analytic_rank('rubinstein'), self.analytic_rank('sympow')])
            if len(S) != 1:
                raise RuntimeError("Bug in analytic_rank; algorithms don't agree! (E=%s)" % self)
            return list(S)[0]
        else:
            raise ValueError("algorithm %s not defined"%algorithm)

    def analytic_rank_upper_bound(self,
                                  max_Delta=None,
                                  adaptive=True,
                                  N=None,
                                  root_number="compute",
                                  bad_primes=None,
                                  ncpus=None):
        r"""
        Return an upper bound for the analytic rank of self, conditional on
        the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, via computing
        the zero sum `\sum_{\gamma} f(\Delta\gamma),` where `\gamma`
        ranges over the imaginary parts of the zeros of `L(E,s)`
        along the critical strip, `f(x) = (\sin(\pi x)/(\pi x))^2`,
        and `\Delta` is the tightness parameter whose maximum value is specified
        by ``max_Delta``. This computation can be run on curves with very large
        conductor (so long as the conductor is known or quickly computable)
        when `\Delta` is not too large (see below).
        Uses Bober's rank bounding method as described in [Bob2013]_.

        INPUT:

        - ``max_Delta`` -- (default: None) If not None, a positive real value
          specifying the maximum Delta value used in the zero sum; larger
          values of Delta yield better bounds - but runtime is exponential in
          Delta. If left as None, Delta is set
          to `\min\{\frac{1}{\pi}(\log(N+1000)/2-\log(2\pi)-\eta), 2.5\}`,
          where `N` is the conductor of the curve attached to self, and `\eta`
          is the Euler-Mascheroni constant `= 0.5772...`; the crossover
          point is at conductor around `8.3 \cdot 10^8`. For the former value,
          empirical results show that for about 99.7% of all curves the returned
          value is the actual analytic rank.

        - ``adaptive`` -- (default: True) Boolean

          - ``True`` -- the computation is first run with small and then
            successively larger `\Delta` values up to max_Delta. If at any
            point the computed bound is 0 (or 1 when root_number is -1
            or True), the computation halts and that value is returned;
            otherwise the minimum of the computed bounds is returned.
          - ``False`` -- the computation is run a single time with `\Delta`
            equal to ``max_Delta``, and the resulting bound returned.

        - ``N`` -- (default: None) If not None, a positive integer equal to
          the conductor of self. This is passable so that rank estimation
          can be done for curves whose (large) conductor has been precomputed.

        - ``root_number`` -- (default: "compute") String or integer

          - ``"compute"`` -- the root number of self is computed and used to
            (possibly) lower ther analytic rank estimate by 1.
          - ``"ignore"`` -- the above step is omitted
          - ``1`` -- this value is assumed to be the root number of
            self. This is passable so that rank estimation can be done for
            curves whose root number has been precomputed.
          - ``-1`` -- this value is assumed to be the root number of
            self. This is passable so that rank estimation can be done for
            curves whose root number has been precomputed.

        - ``bad_primes`` -- (default: None) If not None, a list of the primes
          of bad reduction for the curve attached to self. This is passable
          so that rank estimation can be done for curves of large conductor
          whose bad primes have been precomputed.

        - ``ncpus`` - (default: None) If not None, a positive integer
          defining the maximum number of CPUs to be used for the computation.
          If left as None, the maximum available number of CPUs will be used.
          Note: Due to parallelization overhead, multiple processors will
          only be used for Delta values `\ge 1.75`.

        .. NOTE::

            Output will be incorrect if the incorrect conductor or root number
            is specified.

        .. WARNING::

            Zero sum computation time is exponential in the tightness
            parameter `\Delta`, roughly doubling for every increase of 0.1
            thereof. Using `\Delta=1` (and adaptive=False) will yield a runtime
            of a few milliseconds; `\Delta=2` takes a few seconds, and `\Delta=3`
            may take upwards of an hour. Increase beyond this at your own risk!

        OUTPUT:

        A non-negative integer greater than or equal to the analytic rank of
        self.

        .. NOTE::

            If you use set_verbose(1), extra information about the computation
            will be printed.

        .. SEEALSO::

            :func:`LFunctionZeroSum`
            :meth:`.root_number`
            :func:`set_verbose`

        EXAMPLES:

        For most elliptic curves with small conductor the central zero(s)
        of `L_E(s)` are fairly isolated, so small values of `\Delta`
        will yield tight rank estimates.

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve("11a")
            sage: E.rank()
            0
            sage: E.analytic_rank_upper_bound(max_Delta=1,adaptive=False)
            0
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([-39,123])
            sage: E.rank()
            1
            sage: E.analytic_rank_upper_bound(max_Delta=1,adaptive=True)
            1

        This is especially true for elliptic curves with large rank.

        ::

            sage: for r in range(9):
            ....:     E = elliptic_curves.rank(r)[0]
            ....:     print((r, E.analytic_rank_upper_bound(max_Delta=1,
            ....:     adaptive=False,root_number="ignore")))
            (0, 0)
            (1, 1)
            (2, 2)
            (3, 3)
            (4, 4)
            (5, 5)
            (6, 6)
            (7, 7)
            (8, 8)

        However, some curves have `L`-functions with low-lying zeroes, and for these
        larger values of `\Delta` must be used to get tight estimates.

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve("974b1")
            sage: r = E.rank(); r
            0
            sage: E.analytic_rank_upper_bound(max_Delta=1,root_number="ignore")
            1
            sage: E.analytic_rank_upper_bound(max_Delta=1.3,root_number="ignore")
            0

        Knowing the root number of `E` allows us to use smaller Delta values
        to get tight bounds, thus speeding up runtime considerably.

        ::

            sage: E.analytic_rank_upper_bound(max_Delta=0.6,root_number="compute")
            0

        There are a small number of curves which have pathologically low-lying
        zeroes. For these curves, this method will produce a bound that is
        strictly larger than the analytic rank, unless very large values of
        Delta are used. The following curve ("256944c1" in the Cremona tables)
        is a rank 0 curve with a zero at 0.0256...; the smallest Delta value
        for which the zero sum is strictly less than 2 is ~2.815.

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, -1, 0, -7460362000712, -7842981500851012704])
            sage: N,r = E.conductor(),E.analytic_rank(); N, r
            (256944, 0)
            sage: E.analytic_rank_upper_bound(max_Delta=1,adaptive=False)
            2
            sage: E.analytic_rank_upper_bound(max_Delta=2,adaptive=False)
            2

        This method is can be called on curves with large conductor.

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([-2934,19238])
            sage: E.analytic_rank_upper_bound()
            1

        And it can bound rank on curves with *very* large conductor, so long as
        you know beforehand/can easily compute the conductor and primes of bad
        reduction less than `e^{2\pi\Delta}`. The example below is of the rank
        28 curve discovered by Elkies that is the elliptic curve of (currently)
        largest known rank.

        ::

            sage: a4 = -20067762415575526585033208209338542750930230312178956502
            sage: a6 = 34481611795030556467032985690390720374855944359319180361266008296291939448732243429
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1,-1,1,a4,a6])
            sage: bad_primes = [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,48463]
            sage: N = 3455601108357547341532253864901605231198511505793733138900595189472144724781456635380154149870961231592352897621963802238155192936274322687070
            sage: E.analytic_rank_upper_bound(max_Delta=2.37,adaptive=False, # long time
            ....: N=N,root_number=1,bad_primes=bad_primes,ncpus=2)           # long time
            32
        """
        Z = LFunctionZeroSum_EllipticCurve(self, N)
        bound = Z.analytic_rank_upper_bound(max_Delta=max_Delta,
                                            adaptive=adaptive,
                                            root_number=root_number,
                                            bad_primes=bad_primes,
                                            ncpus=ncpus)
        return bound

    def simon_two_descent(self, verbose=0, lim1=5, lim3=50, limtriv=3,
                          maxprob=20, limbigprime=30, known_points=None):
        r"""
        Return lower and upper bounds on the rank of the Mordell-Weil
        group `E(\QQ)` and a list of points of infinite order.

        INPUT:

        - ``self`` -- an elliptic curve `E` over `\QQ`

        - ``verbose`` -- 0, 1, 2, or 3 (default: 0), the verbosity level

        - ``lim1`` -- (default: 5) limit on trivial points on quartics

        - ``lim3`` -- (default: 50) limit on points on ELS quartics

        - ``limtriv`` -- (default: 3) limit on trivial points on `E`

        - ``maxprob`` -- (default: 20)

        - ``limbigprime`` - (default: 30) to distinguish between small
           and large prime numbers. Use probabilistic tests for large
           primes. If 0, don't any probabilistic tests.

        - ``known_points`` -- (default: None) list of known points on
          the curve

        OUTPUT: a triple ``(lower, upper, list)`` consisting of

        - ``lower`` (integer) -- lower bound on the rank

        - ``upper`` (integer) -- upper bound on the rank

        - ``list`` -- list of points of infinite order in `E(\QQ)`

        The integer ``upper`` is in fact an upper bound on the
        dimension of the 2-Selmer group, hence on the dimension of
        `E(\QQ)/2E(\QQ)`.  It is equal to the dimension of the
        2-Selmer group except possibly if `E(\QQ)[2]` has dimension 1.
        In that case, ``upper`` may exceed the dimension of the
        2-Selmer group by an even number, due to the fact that the
        algorithm does not perform a second descent.

        To obtain a list of generators, use E.gens().

        IMPLEMENTATION: Uses Denis Simon's PARI/GP scripts from
        http://www.math.unicaen.fr/~simon/

        EXAMPLES:

        We compute the ranks of the curves of lowest known conductor up to
        rank `8`. Amazingly, each of these computations finishes
        almost instantly!

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a1')
            sage: E.simon_two_descent()
            (0, 0, [])
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.simon_two_descent()
            (1, 1, [(0 : 0 : 1)])
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a1')
            sage: E._known_points = []  # clear cached points
            sage: E.simon_two_descent()
            (2, 2, [(1 : 0 : 1), (-11/9 : 28/27 : 1)])
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('5077a1')
            sage: E.simon_two_descent()
            (3, 3, [(1 : 0 : 1), (2 : 0 : 1), (0 : 2 : 1)])

        In this example Simon's program does not find any points, though it
        does correctly compute the rank of the 2-Selmer group.

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, -1, 0, -751055859, -7922219731979])
            sage: E.simon_two_descent()
            (1, 1, [])

        The rest of these entries were taken from Tom Womack's page
        http://tom.womack.net/maths/conductors.htm

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, -1, 0, -79, 289])
            sage: E.simon_two_descent()
            (4, 4, [(6 : -1 : 1), (4 : 3 : 1), (5 : -2 : 1), (8 : 7 : 1)])
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 1, -79, 342])
            sage: E.simon_two_descent()  # long time (9s on sage.math, 2011)
            (5, 5, [(5 : 8 : 1), (10 : 23 : 1), (3 : 11 : 1), (-3 : 23 : 1), (0 : 18 : 1)])
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, 1, 0, -2582, 48720])
            sage: r, s, G = E.simon_two_descent(); r,s
            (6, 6)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 0, -10012, 346900])
            sage: r, s, G = E.simon_two_descent(); r,s
            (7, 7)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 1, -23737, 960366])
            sage: r, s, G = E.simon_two_descent(); r,s
            (8, 8)

        Example from :trac:`10832`::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1,0,0,-6664,86543])
            sage: E.simon_two_descent()
            (2, 3, [(-1/4 : 2377/8 : 1), (323/4 : 1891/8 : 1)])
            sage: E.rank()
            2
            sage: E.gens()
            [(-1/4 : 2377/8 : 1), (323/4 : 1891/8 : 1)]

        Example where the lower bound is known to be 1
        despite that the algorithm has not found any
        points of infinite order ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, 1, 0, -23611790086, 1396491910863060])
            sage: E.simon_two_descent()
            (1, 2, [])
            sage: E.rank()
            1
            sage: E.gens()     # uses mwrank
            [(4311692542083/48594841 : -13035144436525227/338754636611 : 1)]

        Example for :trac:`5153`::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([3,0])
            sage: E.simon_two_descent()
            (1, 2, [(1 : 2 : 1)])

        The upper bound on the 2-Selmer rank returned by this method
        need not be sharp.  In following example, the upper bound
        equals the actual 2-Selmer rank plus 2 (see :trac:`10735`)::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('438e1')
            sage: E.simon_two_descent()
            (0, 3, [])
            sage: E.selmer_rank()  # uses mwrank
            1

        """
        t = EllipticCurve_number_field.simon_two_descent(self, verbose=verbose,
                                                         lim1=lim1, lim3=lim3, limtriv=limtriv,
                                                         maxprob=maxprob, limbigprime=limbigprime,
                                                         known_points=known_points)
        rank_low_bd = t[0]
        two_selmer_rank = t[1]
        pts = t[2]
        if rank_low_bd == two_selmer_rank - self.two_torsion_rank():
            if verbose>0:
                print("Rank determined successfully, saturating...")
            gens = self.saturation(pts)[0]
            if len(gens) == rank_low_bd:
                self.__gens = (gens, True)
            self.__rank = (Integer(rank_low_bd), True)

        return rank_low_bd, two_selmer_rank, pts

    two_descent_simon = simon_two_descent

    def three_selmer_rank(self, algorithm='UseSUnits'):
        r"""
        Return the 3-selmer rank of this elliptic curve, computed using
        Magma.

        INPUT:


        -  ``algorithm`` - 'Heuristic' (which is usually much
           faster in large examples), 'FindCubeRoots', or 'UseSUnits'
           (default)


        OUTPUT: nonnegative integer

        EXAMPLES: A rank 0 curve::

            sage: EllipticCurve('11a').three_selmer_rank()       # optional - magma
            0

        A rank 0 curve with rational 3-isogeny but no 3-torsion

        ::

            sage: EllipticCurve('14a3').three_selmer_rank()      # optional - magma
            0

        A rank 0 curve with rational 3-torsion::

            sage: EllipticCurve('14a1').three_selmer_rank()      # optional - magma
            1

        A rank 1 curve with rational 3-isogeny::

            sage: EllipticCurve('91b').three_selmer_rank()       # optional - magma
            2

        A rank 0 curve with nontrivial 3-Sha. The Heuristic option makes
        this about twice as fast as without it.

        ::

            sage: EllipticCurve('681b').three_selmer_rank(algorithm='Heuristic')   # long time (10 seconds); optional - magma
            2
        """
        from sage.interfaces.all import magma
        E = magma(self)
        return Integer(E.ThreeSelmerGroup(MethodForFinalStep = magma('"%s"'%algorithm)).Ngens())

    def rank(self, use_database=True, verbose=False,
             only_use_mwrank=True,
             algorithm='mwrank_lib',
             proof=None):
        """
        Return the rank of this elliptic curve, assuming no conjectures.

        If we fail to provably compute the rank, raises a RuntimeError
        exception.

        INPUT:

        -  ``use_database (bool)`` -- (default: ``True``), if
           ``True``, try to look up the rank in the Cremona database.

        -  ``verbose`` - (default: ``False``), if specified changes
           the verbosity of mwrank computations.

        -  ``algorithm`` - (default: 'mwrank_lib'), one of:

            -  ``'mwrank_shell'`` - call mwrank shell command

            -  ``'mwrank_lib'`` - call mwrank c library

        -  ``only_use_mwrank`` - (default: True) if False try
           using analytic rank methods first.

        -  ``proof`` - bool or None (default: None, see
           proof.elliptic_curve or sage.structure.proof). Note that results
           obtained from databases are considered proof = True

        OUTPUT: the rank of the elliptic curve as :class:`Integer`

        IMPLEMENTATION: Uses L-functions, mwrank, and databases.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: EllipticCurve('11a').rank()
            0
            sage: EllipticCurve('37a').rank()
            1
            sage: EllipticCurve('389a').rank()
            2
            sage: EllipticCurve('5077a').rank()
            3
            sage: EllipticCurve([1, -1, 0, -79, 289]).rank()   # This will use the default proof behavior of True
            4
            sage: EllipticCurve([0, 0, 1, -79, 342]).rank(proof=False)
            5
            sage: EllipticCurve([0, 0, 1, -79, 342]).simon_two_descent()[0]  # long time (7s on sage.math, 2012)
            5

        Examples with denominators in defining equations::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 0, 0, -675/4])
            sage: E.rank()
            0
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 1/2, 0, -1/5])
            sage: E.rank()
            1
            sage: E.minimal_model().rank()
            1

        A large example where mwrank doesn't determine the result with certainty::

            sage: EllipticCurve([1,0,0,0,37455]).rank(proof=False)
            0
            sage: EllipticCurve([1,0,0,0,37455]).rank(proof=True)
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            RuntimeError: rank not provably correct (lower bound: 0)

        TESTS::

            sage: EllipticCurve([1,10000]).rank(algorithm="garbage")
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            ValueError: unknown algorithm 'garbage'

        Since :trac:`23962`, the default is to use the Cremona
        database. We also check that the result is cached correctly::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([-517, -4528])  # 1888b1
            sage: E.rank(use_database=False)
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            RuntimeError: rank not provably correct (lower bound: 0)
            sage: E._EllipticCurve_rational_field__rank
            (0, False)
            sage: E.rank()
            0
            sage: E._EllipticCurve_rational_field__rank
            (0, True)
        """
        if proof is None:
            from sage.structure.proof.proof import get_flag
            proof = get_flag(proof, "elliptic_curve")
        else:
            proof = bool(proof)

        if self.__rank:
            rank, proven = self.__rank
            if proven or not proof:
                return rank

        if use_database:
            try:
                rank = Integer(self.database_attributes()['rank'])
            except LookupError:
                # curve not in database, or rank not known
                pass
            else:
                self.__rank = (rank, True)
                return rank

        if not only_use_mwrank:
            # Try zero sum rank bound first; if this is 0 or 1 it's the
            # true rank
            rank_bound = self.analytic_rank_upper_bound()
            if rank_bound <= 1:
                misc.verbose("rank %s due to zero sum bound and parity"%rank_bound)
                rank = Integer(rank_bound)
                self.__rank = (rank, proof)
                return rank
            # Next try evaluate the L-function or its derivative at the
            # central point
            N = self.conductor()
            prec = int(4*float(sqrt(N))) + 10
            if self.root_number() == 1:
                L, err = self.lseries().at1(prec)
                if abs(L) > err + R(0.0001):  # definitely doesn't vanish
                    misc.verbose("rank 0 because L(E,1)=%s" % L)
                    rank = Integer(0)
                    self.__rank = (rank, proof)
                    return rank
            else:
                Lprime, err = self.lseries().deriv_at1(prec)
                if abs(Lprime) > err + R(0.0001):  # definitely doesn't vanish
                    misc.verbose("rank 1 because L'(E,1)=%s"%Lprime)
                    rank = Integer(1)
                    self.__rank = (rank, proof)
                    return rank

        if algorithm == 'mwrank_lib':
            misc.verbose("using mwrank lib")
            if self.is_integral(): E = self
            else: E = self.integral_model()
            C = E.mwrank_curve()
            C.set_verbose(verbose)
            rank = Integer(C.rank())
            proven = C.certain()
            self.__rank = (rank, proven)
            if not proven:
                if proof:
                    print("Unable to compute the rank with certainty (lower bound=%s)." % rank)
                    print("This could be because Sha(E/Q)[2] is nontrivial.")
                    print("Try calling something like two_descent(second_limit=13) on the")
                    print("curve then trying this command again.  You could also try rank")
                    print("with only_use_mwrank=False.")
                    del E.__mwrank_curve
                    raise RuntimeError('rank not provably correct (lower bound: {})'.format(rank))
                else:
                    misc.verbose("Warning -- rank not proven correct", level=1)
            return rank

        if algorithm == 'mwrank_shell':
            misc.verbose("using mwrank shell")
            X = self.mwrank()
            if 'determined unconditionally' not in X or 'only a lower bound of' in X:
                if proof:
                    X= "".join(X.split("\n")[-4:-2])
                    print(X)
                    raise RuntimeError('rank not provably correct')
                else:
                    misc.verbose("Warning -- rank not proven correct", level=1)

                s = "lower bound of"
                X = X[X.rfind(s)+len(s)+1:]
                rank = Integer(X.split()[0])
            else:
                if proof is False:
                    proof = True #since we actually provably found the rank
                match = 'Rank ='
                i = X.find(match)
                if i == -1:
                    match = 'found points of rank'
                    i = X.find(match)
                    if i == -1:
                        raise RuntimeError("%s\nbug -- tried to find 'Rank =' or 'found points of rank' in mwrank output but couldn't."%X)
                j = i + X[i:].find('\n')
                rank = Integer(X[i+len(match)+1:j])
            self.__rank = (rank, proof)
            return rank

        raise ValueError("unknown algorithm {!r}".format(algorithm))

    def gens(self, proof=None, **kwds):
        """
        Return generators for the Mordell-Weil group E(Q) *modulo*
        torsion.

        INPUT:

        - ``proof`` -- bool or None (default None), see
          ``proof.elliptic_curve`` or ``sage.structure.proof``

        - ``verbose`` - (default: None), if specified changes the
           verbosity of mwrank computations

        - ``rank1_search`` - (default: 10), if the curve has analytic
          rank 1, try to find a generator by a direct search up to
          this logarithmic height.  If this fails, the usual mwrank
          procedure is called.

        - algorithm -- one of the following:

          - ``'mwrank_shell'`` (default) -- call mwrank shell command

          - ``'mwrank_lib'`` -- call mwrank C library

        - ``only_use_mwrank`` -- bool (default True) if False, first
          attempts to use more naive, natively implemented methods

        - ``use_database`` -- bool (default True) if True, attempts to
          find curve and gens in the (optional) database

        - ``descent_second_limit`` -- (default: 12) used in 2-descent

        - ``sat_bound`` -- (default: 1000) bound on primes used in
          saturation.  If the computed bound on the index of the
          points found by two-descent in the Mordell-Weil group is
          greater than this, a warning message will be displayed.

        OUTPUT:

        - ``generators`` - list of generators for the Mordell-Weil
           group modulo torsion

        .. NOTE::

           If you call this with ``proof=False``, then you can use the
           :meth:`~gens_certain` method to find out afterwards
           whether the generators were proved.

        IMPLEMENTATION: Uses Cremona's mwrank C library.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
            sage: E.gens()                 # random output
            [(-1 : 1 : 1), (0 : 0 : 1)]

        A non-integral example::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([-3/8,-2/3])
            sage: E.gens() # random (up to sign)
            [(10/9 : 29/54 : 1)]

        A non-minimal example::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a1')
            sage: E1 = E.change_weierstrass_model([1/20,0,0,0]); E1
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + 8000*y = x^3 + 400*x^2 - 320000*x over Rational Field
            sage: E1.gens() # random (if database not used)
            [(-400 : 8000 : 1), (0 : -8000 : 1)]
        """
        if proof is None:
            from sage.structure.proof.proof import get_flag
            proof = get_flag(proof, "elliptic_curve")
        else:
            proof = bool(proof)

        # If the gens are already cached, return them:
        if self.__gens:
            gens, proven = self.__gens
            if proven or not proof:
                return list(gens)  # Return a copy

        gens, proved = self._compute_gens(proof, **kwds)
        self.__gens = (gens, proved)
        self.__rank = (Integer(len(gens)), proved)
        self._known_points = gens
        return list(gens)

    def _compute_gens(self, proof,
                      verbose=False,
                      rank1_search=10,
                      algorithm='mwrank_lib',
                      only_use_mwrank=True,
                      use_database=True,
                      descent_second_limit=12,
                      sat_bound=1000):
        """
        Return generators for the Mordell-Weil group E(Q) *modulo*
        torsion.

        INPUT:

        Same as for :meth:`~gens`, except ``proof`` must be either
        ``True`` or ``False`` (not ``None``).

        OUTPUT:

        A tuple ``(generators, proved)``, where ``generators`` is a
        probable list of generators for the Mordell-Weil group modulo
        torsion, and ``proved`` is ``True`` or ``False`` depending on
        whether the result is provably correct.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([-3/8, -2/3])
            sage: gens, proved = E._compute_gens(proof=False)
            sage: proved
            True

        """
        # If the optional extended database is installed and an
        # isomorphic curve is in the database then its gens will be
        # known; if only the default database is installed, the rank
        # will be known but not the gens.

        if use_database:
            try:
                E = self.minimal_model()
                data = self.database_attributes()
                iso = E.isomorphism_to(self)
                return [iso(E(P)) for P in data['gens']], True
            except LookupError:
                # curve not in database, or generators not known
                pass

        if self.conductor() > 10**7:
            only_use_mwrank = True

        if not only_use_mwrank:
            try:
                misc.verbose("Trying to compute rank.")
                r = self.rank(only_use_mwrank = False)
                misc.verbose("Got r = %s."%r)
                if r == 0:
                    misc.verbose("Rank = 0, so done.")
                    return [], True
                if r == 1 and rank1_search:
                    misc.verbose("Rank = 1, so using direct search.")
                    h = 6
                    while h <= rank1_search:
                        misc.verbose("Trying direct search up to height %s"%h)
                        G = self.point_search(h, verbose)
                        G = [P for P in G if P.order() == oo]
                        if G:
                            misc.verbose("Direct search succeeded.")
                            G, _, _ = self.saturation(G, verbose=verbose)
                            misc.verbose("Computed saturation.")
                            return G, True
                        h += 2
                    misc.verbose("Direct search FAILED.")
            except RuntimeError:
                pass
        # end if (not_use_mwrank)
        if algorithm == "mwrank_lib":
            misc.verbose("Calling mwrank C++ library.")
            if not self.is_integral():
                xterm = 1
                yterm = 1
                ai = self.a_invariants()
                for a in ai:
                    if not a.is_integral():
                        for p, _ in a.denom().factor():
                            e  = min((ai[i].valuation(p)/[1,2,3,4,6][i])
                                     for i in range(5)).floor()
                            ai = [ai[i]/p**(e*[1,2,3,4,6][i]) for i in range(5)]
                            xterm *= p**(2*e)
                            yterm *= p**(3*e)
                E = constructor.EllipticCurve(list(ai))
            else:
                E = self
                xterm = 1
                yterm = 1
            C = E.mwrank_curve(verbose)
            if not (verbose is None):
                C.set_verbose(verbose)
            C.two_descent(verbose=verbose, second_limit=descent_second_limit)
            C.saturate(bound=sat_bound)
            G = C.gens()
            if proof is True and C.certain() is False:
                del self.__mwrank_curve
                raise RuntimeError("Unable to compute the rank, hence generators, with certainty (lower bound=%s, generators found=%s).  This could be because Sha(E/Q)[2] is nontrivial."%(C.rank(),G) + \
                      "\nTry increasing descent_second_limit then trying this command again.")
            proved = C.certain()
            G = [[x*xterm,y*yterm,z] for x, y, z in G]
        else:
            # when gens() calls mwrank it passes the command-line
            # parameter "-p 100" which helps curves with large
            # coefficients and 2-torsion and is otherwise harmless.
            # This is pending a more intelligent handling of mwrank
            # options in gens() (which is nontrivial since gens() needs
            # to parse the output from mwrank and this is seriously
            # affected by what parameters the user passes!).
            # In fact it would be much better to avoid the mwrank console at
            # all for gens() and just use the library. This is in
            # progress (see trac #1949).
            X = self.mwrank('-p 100 -S '+str(sat_bound))
            misc.verbose("Calling mwrank shell.")
            if not 'The rank and full Mordell-Weil basis have been determined unconditionally' in X:
                msg = 'Generators not provably computed.'
                if proof:
                    raise RuntimeError('%s\n%s'%(X,msg))
                else:
                    misc.verbose("Warning -- %s"%msg, level=1)
                proved = False
            else:
                proved = True
            G = []
            i = X.find('Generator ')
            while i != -1:
                j = i + X[i:].find(';')
                k = i + X[i:].find('[')
                G.append(eval(X[k:j].replace(':',',')))
                X = X[j:]
                i = X.find('Generator ')
        G = sorted([self.point(x, check=True) for x in G])
        return G, proved

    def gens_certain(self):
        """
        Return ``True`` if the generators have been proven correct.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.gens()                   # random (up to sign)
            [(0 : -1 : 1)]
            sage: E.gens_certain()
            True

        TESTS::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([2, 4, 6, 8, 10])
            sage: E.gens_certain()
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            RuntimeError: no generators have been computed yet
        """
        if not self.__gens:
            raise RuntimeError("no generators have been computed yet")
        return self.__gens[1]

    def ngens(self, proof=None):
        """
        Return the number of generators of this elliptic curve.

        .. NOTE::

           See :meth:`gens` for further documentation. The function
           :meth:`ngens` calls :meth:`gens` if not already done, but
           only with default parameters.  Better results may be
           obtained by calling :meth:`mwrank` with carefully chosen
           parameters.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.ngens()
            1

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,877,0])
            sage: E.ngens()
            1

            sage: print(E.mwrank('-v0 -b12 -l'))
            Curve [0,0,0,877,0] :   Rank = 1
            Generator 1 is [29604565304828237474403861024284371796799791624792913256602210:-256256267988926809388776834045513089648669153204356603464786949:490078023219787588959802933995928925096061616470779979261000]; height 95.98037...
            Regulator = 95.980...
        """
        return len(self.gens(proof = proof))

    def regulator(self, proof=None, precision=53, **kwds):
        r"""
        Return the regulator of this curve, which must be defined over `\QQ`.

        INPUT:

        -  ``proof`` -- bool or ``None`` (default: ``None``, see
           proof.[tab] or sage.structure.proof). Note that results from
           databases are considered proof = True

        -  ``precision`` -- (int, default 53): the precision in bits of
           the result

        -  ``**kwds`` -- passed to :meth:`gens()` method

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 1, -1, 0])
            sage: E.regulator()
            0.0511114082399688
            sage: EllipticCurve('11a').regulator()
            1.00000000000000
            sage: EllipticCurve('37a').regulator()
            0.0511114082399688
            sage: EllipticCurve('389a').regulator()
            0.152460177943144
            sage: EllipticCurve('5077a').regulator()
            0.41714355875838...
            sage: EllipticCurve([1, -1, 0, -79, 289]).regulator()
            1.50434488827528
            sage: EllipticCurve([0, 0, 1, -79, 342]).regulator(proof=False)  # long time (6s on sage.math, 2011)
            14.790527570131...
        """
        R = rings.RealField(precision)

        if proof is None:
            from sage.structure.proof.proof import get_flag
            proof = get_flag(proof, "elliptic_curve")
        else:
            proof = bool(proof)

        # We return a cached value if it exists and has sufficient precision:
        if self.__regulator:
            reg, proven = self.__regulator
            if proven or not proof:
                # Coerce to the target field R. This will fail if the
                # precision was too low.
                try:
                    return R.coerce(reg)
                except TypeError:
                    pass

        G = self.gens(proof=proof, **kwds)

        # Compute the regulator of the generators found:
        reg = self.regulator_of_points(G, precision=precision)
        self.__regulator = (reg, self.gens_certain())
        assert reg.parent() is R
        return reg

    def saturation(self, points, verbose=False, max_prime=0, odd_primes_only=False):
        """
        Given a list of rational points on E, compute the saturation in
        E(Q) of the subgroup they generate.

        INPUT:


        -  ``points (list)`` - list of points on E

        -  ``verbose (bool)`` - (default: ``False``), if ``True``, give
           verbose output

        -  ``max_prime (int)`` - (default: 0), saturation is
           performed for all primes up to max_prime. If max_prime==0,
           perform saturation at *all* primes, i.e., compute the true
           saturation.

        -  ``odd_primes_only (bool)`` - only do saturation at
           odd primes


        OUTPUT:


        -  ``saturation (list)`` - points that form a basis for
           the saturation

        -  ``index (int)`` - the index of the group generated
           by points in their saturation

        -  ``regulator (real with default precision)`` -
           regulator of saturated points.


        ALGORITHM: Uses Cremona's ``mwrank`` package. With ``max_prime=0``,
        we call ``mwrank`` with successively larger prime bounds until the full
        saturation is provably found. The results of saturation at the
        previous primes is stored in each case, so this should be
        reasonably fast.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: P=E(0,0)
            sage: Q=5*P; Q
            (1/4 : -5/8 : 1)
            sage: E.saturation([Q])
            ([(0 : 0 : 1)], 5, 0.0511114082399688)

        TESTS:

        See :trac:`10590`.  This example would loop forever at default precision::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, 0, 1, -977842, -372252745])
            sage: P = E([-192128125858676194585718821667542660822323528626273/336995568430319276695106602174283479617040716649, 70208213492933395764907328787228427430477177498927549075405076353624188436/195630373799784831667835900062564586429333568841391304129067339731164107, 1])
            sage: P.height()
            113.302910926080
            sage: E.saturation([P])
            ([(-192128125858676194585718821667542660822323528626273/336995568430319276695106602174283479617040716649 : 70208213492933395764907328787228427430477177498927549075405076353624188436/195630373799784831667835900062564586429333568841391304129067339731164107 : 1)], 1, 113.302910926080)
            sage: (Q,), ind, reg = E.saturation([2*P])  # needs higher precision, handled by eclib
            sage: 2*Q == 2*P
            True
            sage: ind
            2
            sage: reg
            113.302910926080

        See :trac:`10840`.  This used to cause eclib to crash since the
        curve is non-minimal at 2::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,-13711473216,0])
            sage: P = E([-19992,16313472])
            sage: Q = E([-24108,-17791704])
            sage: R = E([-97104,-20391840])
            sage: S = E([-113288,-9969344])
            sage: E.saturation([P,Q,R,S])
            ([(-19992 : 16313472 : 1), (-24108 : -17791704 : 1), (-97104 : -20391840 : 1), (-113288 : -9969344 : 1)], 1, 172.792031341679)

        """
        if not isinstance(points, list):
            raise TypeError("points (=%s) must be a list." % points)
        if not points:
            return [], None, R(1)

        v = []
        for P in points:
            if not isinstance(P, ell_point.EllipticCurvePoint_field):
                P = self(P)
            elif P.curve() != self:
                raise ArithmeticError("point (=%s) must be %s."%(P,self))

        minimal = True
        if not self.is_minimal():
            minimal = False
            Emin = self.minimal_model()
            phi = self.isomorphism_to(Emin)
            points = [phi(_P) for _P in points]
        else:
            Emin = self

        for P in points:
            x, y = P.xy()
            d = x.denominator().lcm(y.denominator())
            v.append((x*d, y*d, d))

        c = Emin.mwrank_curve()
        from sage.libs.eclib.all import mwrank_MordellWeil
        mw = mwrank_MordellWeil(c, verbose)
        mw.process(v)
        repeat_until_saturated = False
        if max_prime == 0:
            repeat_until_saturated = True
            max_prime = 9973
        from sage.libs.all import mwrank_get_precision, mwrank_set_precision
        prec0 = mwrank_get_precision()
        prec = 100
        if prec0<prec:
            mwrank_set_precision(prec)
        else:
            prec = prec0
        while True:
            ok, index, unsat = mw.saturate(max_prime=max_prime, odd_primes_only = odd_primes_only)
            reg = mw.regulator()
            if ok or not repeat_until_saturated: break
            max_prime = arith.next_prime(max_prime + 1000)
            prec += 50
            mwrank_set_precision(prec)
        if prec!=prec0: mwrank_set_precision(prec0)
        sat = mw.points()
        sat = [Emin(P) for P in sat]
        if not minimal:
            phi_inv = ~phi
            sat = [phi_inv(P) for P in sat]
        reg = self.regulator_of_points(sat)
        return sat, index, R(reg)


    def CPS_height_bound(self):
        r"""
        Return the Cremona-Prickett-Siksek height bound. This is a
        floating point number B such that if P is a rational point on
        the curve, then `h(P) \le \hat{h}(P) + B`, where `h(P)` is
        the naive logarithmic height of `P` and `\hat{h}(P)` is the
        canonical height.

        .. SEEALSO::

            :meth:`silverman_height_bound` for a bound that also works for
            points over number fields.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve("11a")
            sage: E.CPS_height_bound()
            2.8774743273580445
            sage: E = EllipticCurve("5077a")
            sage: E.CPS_height_bound()
            0.0
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1,2,3,4,1])
            sage: E.CPS_height_bound()
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            RuntimeError: curve must be minimal.
            sage: F = E.quadratic_twist(-19)
            sage: F
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - x^2 + 1376*x - 130 over Rational Field
            sage: F.CPS_height_bound()
            0.6555158376972852

        IMPLEMENTATION:

        Call the corresponding mwrank C++ library function.  Note that
        the formula in the [CPS2006]_ paper is given for number fields.  It is
        only the implementation in Sage that restricts to the rational
        field.
        """
        if not self.is_minimal():
            raise RuntimeError("curve must be minimal.")
        return self.mwrank_curve().CPS_height_bound()


    def silverman_height_bound(self, algorithm='default'):
        r"""
        Return the Silverman height bound.  This is a positive real
        (floating point) number B such that for all points `P` on the
        curve over any number field, `|h(P) - \hat{h}(P)| \leq B`,
        where `h(P)` is the naive logarithmic height of `P` and
        `\hat{h}(P)` is the canonical height.

        INPUT:

            - ``algorithm`` --

                 - 'default' (default) -- compute using a Python
                   implementation in Sage

                 - 'mwrank' -- use a C++ implementation in the mwrank
                   library

        NOTES:

           - The CPS_height_bound is often better (i.e. smaller) than
             the Silverman bound, but it only applies for points over
             the base field, whereas the Silverman bound works over
             all number fields.

           - The Silverman bound is also fairly straightforward to
             compute over number fields, but isn't implemented here.

           - Silverman's paper is 'The Difference Between the Weil
             Height and the Canonical Height on Elliptic Curves',
             Math. Comp., Volume 55, Number 192, pages 723-743.  We
             use a correction by Bremner with 0.973 replaced by 0.961,
             as explained in the source code to mwrank (htconst.cc).

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.silverman_height_bound()
            4.825400758180918
            sage: E.silverman_height_bound(algorithm='mwrank')
            4.825400758180918
            sage: E.CPS_height_bound()
            0.16397076103046915
        """
        if algorithm == 'default':
            Delta   = self.discriminant()
            j       = self.j_invariant()
            b2      = self.b2()
            twostar = 2 if b2 else 1
            from math import log
            def h(x):
                return log(max(abs(x.numerator()), abs(x.denominator())))
            def h_oo(x):
                return log(max(abs(x),1))
            mu    = h(Delta)/12 + h_oo(j)/12 + h_oo(b2/12)/2 + log(twostar)/2
            lower = 2*(-h(j)/24 - mu - 0.961)
            upper = 2*(mu + 1.07)
            return max(abs(lower), abs(upper))
        elif algorithm == 'mwrank':
            return self.mwrank_curve().silverman_bound()
        else:
            raise ValueError("unknown algorithm '%s'"%algorithm)

    def point_search(self, height_limit, verbose=False, rank_bound=None):
        """
        Search for points on a curve up to an input bound on the naive
        logarithmic height.

        INPUT:


        -  ``height_limit (float)`` - bound on naive height

        -  ``verbose (bool)`` - (default: ``False``)

           If ``True``, report on the saturation process.

           If ``False``, just return the result.

        -  ``rank_bound (bool)`` - (default: ``None``)

           If provided, stop saturating once we find this many
           independent nontorsion points.

        OUTPUT: points (list) - list of independent points which generate
        the subgroup of the Mordell-Weil group generated by the points
        found and then saturated.

        .. warning::

           height_limit is logarithmic, so increasing by 1 will cause
           the running time to increase by a factor of approximately
           4.5 (=exp(1.5)).

        IMPLEMENTATION: Uses Michael Stoll's ratpoints module in PARI/GP.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a1')
            sage: E.point_search(5, verbose=False)
            [(-1 : 1 : 1), (0 : 0 : 1)]

        Increasing the height_limit takes longer, but finds no more
        points::

            sage: E.point_search(10, verbose=False)
            [(-1 : 1 : 1), (0 : 0 : 1)]

        In fact this curve has rank 2 so no more than 2 points will ever be
        output, but we are not using this fact.

        ::

            sage: E.saturation(_)
            ([(-1 : 1 : 1), (0 : 0 : 1)], 1, 0.152460177943144)

        What this shows is that if the rank is 2 then the points listed do
        generate the Mordell-Weil group (mod torsion). Finally,

        ::

            sage: E.rank()
            2

        If we only need one independent generator::

            sage: E.point_search(5, verbose=False, rank_bound=1)
            [(-2 : 0 : 1)]
        """
        # Convert logarithmic height to height
        # max(|p|,|q|) <= H, if x = p/q coprime
        H = pari.exp(height_limit).floor()

        points = []
        for x, y in self.pari_curve().ellratpoints(H):
            P = self((x, y, 1))
            points.append(P)
            if rank_bound is not None:
                points = self.saturation(points, verbose=verbose)[0]
                if len(points) >= rank_bound:
                    return points
        if rank_bound is None:
            points = self.saturation(points, verbose=verbose)[0]
        return points

    def selmer_rank(self):
        """
        The rank of the 2-Selmer group of the curve.

        EXAMPLES: The following is the curve 960D1, which has rank 0, but
        Sha of order 4.

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, -1, 0, -900, -10098])
            sage: E.selmer_rank()
            3

        Here the Selmer rank is equal to the 2-torsion rank (=1) plus
        the 2-rank of Sha (=2), and the rank itself is zero::

            sage: E.rank()
            0

        In contrast, for the curve 571A, also with rank 0 and Sha of
        order 4, we get a worse bound::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, -1, 1, -929, -10595])
            sage: E.selmer_rank()
            2
            sage: E.rank_bound()
            2

        To establish that the rank is in fact 0 in this case, we would
        need to carry out a higher descent::

            sage: E.three_selmer_rank() # optional: magma
            0

        Or use the L-function to compute the analytic rank::

            sage: E.rank(only_use_mwrank=False)
            0

        """
        try:
            return self.__selmer_rank
        except AttributeError:
            C = self.mwrank_curve()
            self.__selmer_rank = C.selmer_rank()
            return self.__selmer_rank

    def rank_bound(self):
        """
        Upper bound on the rank of the curve, computed using
        2-descent.  In many cases, this is the actual rank of the
        curve.  If the curve has no 2-torsion it is the same as the
        2-selmer rank.

        EXAMPLES: The following is the curve 960D1, which has rank 0, but
        Sha of order 4.

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, -1, 0, -900, -10098])
            sage: E.rank_bound()
            0

        It gives 0 instead of 2, because it knows Sha is nontrivial. In
        contrast, for the curve 571A, also with rank 0 and Sha of order 4,
        we get a worse bound::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, -1, 1, -929, -10595])
            sage: E.rank_bound()
            2
            sage: E.rank(only_use_mwrank=False)   # uses L-function
            0

        """
        try:
            return self.__rank_bound
        except AttributeError:
            C = self.mwrank_curve()
            self.__rank_bound = C.rank_bound()
            return self.__rank_bound

    def an(self, n):
        """
        The n-th Fourier coefficient of the modular form corresponding to
        this elliptic curve, where n is a positive integer.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: [E.an(n) for n in range(20) if n>0]
            [1, -2, -3, 2, -2, 6, -1, 0, 6, 4, -5, -6, -2, 2, 6, -4, 0, -12, 0]
        """
        return Integer(self.pari_mincurve().ellak(n))

    def ap(self, p):
        """
        The p-th Fourier coefficient of the modular form corresponding to
        this elliptic curve, where p is prime.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: [E.ap(p) for p in prime_range(50)]
            [-2, -3, -2, -1, -5, -2, 0, 0, 2, 6, -4, -1, -9, 2, -9]
        """
        if not arith.is_prime(p):
            raise ArithmeticError("p must be prime")
        return Integer(self.pari_mincurve().ellap(p))

    def minimal_model(self):
        r"""
        Return the unique minimal Weierstrass equation for this elliptic
        curve.

        This is the model with minimal discriminant and
        `a_1,a_2,a_3 \in \{0,\pm 1\}`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([10,100,1000,10000,1000000])
            sage: E.minimal_model()
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 over Rational Field
        """
        try:
            return self.__minimal_model
        except AttributeError:
            F = self.pari_mincurve()
            self.__minimal_model = constructor.EllipticCurve([Q(F[i]) for i in range(5)])
            return self.__minimal_model

    def is_minimal(self):
        r"""
        Return ``True`` iff this elliptic curve is a reduced minimal model.

        The unique minimal Weierstrass equation for this elliptic curve.
        This is the model with minimal discriminant and
        `a_1,a_2,a_3 \in \{0,\pm 1\}`.

        .. TODO::

            This is not very efficient since it just computes the
            minimal model and compares. A better implementation using the
            Kraus conditions would be preferable.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([10,100,1000,10000,1000000])
            sage: E.is_minimal()
            False
            sage: E = E.minimal_model()
            sage: E.is_minimal()
            True
        """
        return self.ainvs() == self.minimal_model().ainvs()

    def is_p_minimal(self, p):
        """
        Tests if curve is p-minimal at a given prime p.

        INPUT: p -- a prime

        OUTPUT:

        - ``True`` -- if curve is p-minimal

        -  ``False`` -- if curve is not p-minimal

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('441a2')
            sage: E.is_p_minimal(7)
            True

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,(2*5*11)**10])
            sage: [E.is_p_minimal(p) for p in prime_range(2,24)]
            [False, True, False, True, False, True, True, True, True]
        """
        if not p.is_prime():
            raise ValueError("p must be prime")
        if not self.is_p_integral(p):
            return False
        if p > 3:
            return ((self.discriminant().valuation(p) < 12) or (self.c4().valuation(p) < 4))
        # else p = 2,3
        Emin = self.minimal_model()
        return self.discriminant().valuation(p) == Emin.discriminant().valuation(p)

    def kodaira_type(self, p):
        """
        Local Kodaira type of the elliptic curve at `p`.

        INPUT:

        -  p -- an integral prime

        OUTPUT:

        - the Kodaira type of this elliptic curve at p,
          as a KodairaSymbol.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('124a')
            sage: E.kodaira_type(2)
            IV
        """
        return self.local_data(p).kodaira_symbol()

    kodaira_symbol = kodaira_type

    def kodaira_type_old(self, p):
        """
        Local Kodaira type of the elliptic curve at `p`.

        INPUT:


        -   p, an integral prime


        OUTPUT:

        - the Kodaira type of this elliptic curve at p,
          as a KodairaSymbol.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('124a')
            sage: E.kodaira_type_old(2)
            IV
        """
        if not arith.is_prime(p):
            raise ArithmeticError("p must be prime")
        try:
            self.__kodaira_type
        except AttributeError:
            self.__kodaira_type = {}
            self.__tamagawa_number = {}
        if p not in self.__kodaira_type:
            v = self.pari_mincurve().elllocalred(p)
            from .kodaira_symbol import KodairaSymbol
            self.__kodaira_type[p] = KodairaSymbol(v[1])
            self.__tamagawa_number[p] = Integer(v[3])
        return self.__kodaira_type[p]

    def tamagawa_number(self, p):
        r"""
        The Tamagawa number of the elliptic curve at `p`.

        This is the order of the component group
        `E(\QQ_p)/E^0(\QQ_p)`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a')
            sage: E.tamagawa_number(11)
            5
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37b')
            sage: E.tamagawa_number(37)
            3
        """
        return self.local_data(p).tamagawa_number()

    def tamagawa_number_old(self, p):
        r"""
        The Tamagawa number of the elliptic curve at `p`.

        This is the order of the component group
        `E(\QQ_p)/E^0(\QQ_p)`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a')
            sage: E.tamagawa_number_old(11)
            5
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37b')
            sage: E.tamagawa_number_old(37)
            3
        """
        if not arith.is_prime(p):
            raise ArithmeticError("p must be prime")
        try:
            return self.__tamagawa_number[p]
        except (AttributeError, KeyError):
            self.kodaira_type_old(p)
            return self.__tamagawa_number[p]

    def tamagawa_exponent(self, p):
        r"""
        The Tamagawa index of the elliptic curve at `p`.

        This is the index of the component group
        `E(\QQ_p)/E^0(\QQ_p)`. It equals the
        Tamagawa number (as the component group is cyclic) except for types
        `I_m^*` (`m` even) when the group can be
        `C_2 \times C_2`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('816a1')
            sage: E.tamagawa_number(2)
            4
            sage: E.tamagawa_exponent(2)
            2
            sage: E.kodaira_symbol(2)
            I2*

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('200c4')
            sage: E.kodaira_symbol(5)
            I4*
            sage: E.tamagawa_number(5)
            4
            sage: E.tamagawa_exponent(5)
            2

        See :trac:`4715`::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('117a3')
            sage: E.tamagawa_exponent(13)
            4
        """
        if not arith.is_prime(p):
            raise ArithmeticError("p must be prime")
        cp = self.tamagawa_number(p)
        if not cp==4:
            return cp
        ks = self.kodaira_type(p)
        if ks._roman==1 and ks._n%2==0 and ks._starred:
            return 2
        return 4

    def tamagawa_product(self):
        """
        Return the product of the Tamagawa numbers.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('54a')
            sage: E.tamagawa_product ()
            3
        """
        try:
            return self.__tamagawa_product
        except AttributeError:
            self.__tamagawa_product = Integer(self.pari_mincurve().ellglobalred()[2].sage())
            return self.__tamagawa_product

    def real_components(self):
        """
        Return 1 if there is 1 real component and 2 if there are 2.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: E.real_components ()
            2
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37b')
            sage: E.real_components ()
            2
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a')
            sage: E.real_components ()
            1
        """
        invs = self.short_weierstrass_model().ainvs()
        x = rings.polygen(self.base_ring())
        f = x**3 + invs[3]*x + invs[4]
        if f.discriminant() > 0:
            return 2
        else:
            return 1

    def has_good_reduction_outside_S(self, S=[]):
        r"""
        Test if this elliptic curve has good reduction outside `S`.

        INPUT:

        -  `S` -- list of primes (default: empty list).

        .. note::

            Primality of elements of S is not checked, and the output
            is undefined if S is not a list or contains non-primes.

            This only tests the given model, so should only be applied to
            minimal models.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: EllipticCurve('11a1').has_good_reduction_outside_S([11])
            True
            sage: EllipticCurve('11a1').has_good_reduction_outside_S([2])
            False
            sage: EllipticCurve('2310a1').has_good_reduction_outside_S([2,3,5,7])
            False
            sage: EllipticCurve('2310a1').has_good_reduction_outside_S([2,3,5,7,11])
            True
        """
        return self.discriminant().is_S_unit(S)

    def period_lattice(self, embedding=None):
        r"""
        Return the period lattice of the elliptic curve with respect to
        the differential `dx/(2y + a_1x + a_3)`.

        INPUT:

        -  ``embedding`` - ignored (for compatibility with the
           period_lattice function for elliptic_curve_number_field)

        OUTPUT:

        (period lattice) The PeriodLattice_ell object associated to
        this elliptic curve (with respect to the natural embedding of
        `\QQ` into `\RR`).

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: E.period_lattice()
            Period lattice associated to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x over Rational Field
        """
        try:
            return self._period_lattice
        except AttributeError:
            from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.period_lattice import PeriodLattice_ell
            self._period_lattice = PeriodLattice_ell(self)
            return self._period_lattice

    def elliptic_exponential(self, z, embedding=None):
        r"""
        Compute the elliptic exponential of a complex number with respect to the elliptic curve.

        INPUT:

        - ``z`` (complex) -- a complex number

        -  ``embedding`` - ignored (for compatibility with the
           period_lattice function for elliptic_curve_number_field)

        OUTPUT:

        The image of `z` modulo `L` under the Weierstrass parametrization
        `\CC/L \to E(\CC)`.

        .. note::

           The precision is that of the input ``z``, or the default
           precision of 53 bits if ``z`` is exact.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1,1,1,-8,6])
            sage: P = E([1,-2])
            sage: z = P.elliptic_logarithm() # default precision is 100 here
            sage: E.elliptic_exponential(z)
            (1.0000000000000000000000000000 : -2.0000000000000000000000000000 : 1.0000000000000000000000000000)
            sage: z = E([1,-2]).elliptic_logarithm(precision=201)
            sage: E.elliptic_exponential(z)
            (1.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 : -2.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 : 1.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
            sage: Q = E([3,5])
            sage: E.elliptic_exponential(Q.elliptic_logarithm())
            (3.0000000000000000000000000000 : 5.0000000000000000000000000000 : 1.0000000000000000000000000000)
            sage: P = E([-1,1])
            sage: P.elliptic_logarithm()
            0.47934825019021931612953301006 + 0.98586885077582410221120384908*I
            sage: E.elliptic_exponential(P.elliptic_logarithm())
            (-1.0000000000000000000000000000 : 1.0000000000000000000000000000 : 1.0000000000000000000000000000)


        Some torsion examples::

            sage: w1,w2 = E.period_lattice().basis()
            sage: E.two_division_polynomial().roots(CC,multiplicities=False)
            [-2.0403022002854..., 0.13540924022175..., 0.90489296006371...]
            sage: [E.elliptic_exponential((a*w1+b*w2)/2)[0] for a,b in [(0,1),(1,1),(1,0)]]
            [-2.0403022002854..., 0.13540924022175..., 0.90489296006371...]

            sage: E.division_polynomial(3).roots(CC,multiplicities=False)
            [-2.88288879135...,
            1.39292799513...,
            0.078313731444316... - 0.492840991709...*I,
            0.078313731444316... + 0.492840991709...*I]
            sage: [E.elliptic_exponential((a*w1+b*w2)/3)[0] for a,b in [(0,1),(1,0),(1,1),(2,1)]]
            [-2.8828887913533..., 1.39292799513138,
            0.0783137314443... - 0.492840991709...*I,
            0.0783137314443... + 0.492840991709...*I]

        Observe that this is a group homomorphism (modulo rounding error)::

            sage: z = CC.random_element()
            sage: 2 * E.elliptic_exponential(z)
            (-1.52184235874404 - 0.0581413944316544*I : 0.948655866506124 - 0.0381469928565030*I : 1.00000000000000)
            sage: E.elliptic_exponential(2 * z)
            (-1.52184235874404 - 0.0581413944316562*I : 0.948655866506128 - 0.0381469928565034*I : 1.00000000000000)
        """
        return self.period_lattice().elliptic_exponential(z)

    def lseries(self):
        """
        Return the L-series of this elliptic curve.

        Further documentation is available for the functions which apply to
        the L-series.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.lseries()
            Complex L-series of the Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x over Rational Field
        """
        try:
            return self.__lseries
        except AttributeError:
            from .lseries_ell import Lseries_ell
            self.__lseries = Lseries_ell(self)
            return self.__lseries

    def lseries_gross_zagier(self, A):
        r"""
        Return the Gross-Zagier L-series attached to ``self``
        and an ideal class `A`.

        INPUT:

        - ``A`` -- an ideal class in an imaginary quadratic number field `K`

        This L-series `L(E,A,s)` is defined as the product of a shifted L-function of the
        quadratic character associated to `K` and the Dirichlet series whose `n`-th
        coefficient is the product of the `n`-th factor of the L-series of `E` and
        the number of integral ideal in `A` of norm `n`. For any character `\chi`
        on the class group of `K`, one gets `L_K(E,\chi,s) = \sum_{A} \chi(A) L(E,A,s)`
        where `A` runs through the class group of `K`.

        For the exact definition see section IV of [GZ1986]_.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: K.<a> = QuadraticField(-40)
            sage: A = K.class_group().gen(0); A
            Fractional ideal class (2, 1/2*a)
            sage: L = E.lseries_gross_zagier(A)  ; L
            Gross Zagier L-series attached to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x over Rational Field with ideal class Fractional ideal class (2, 1/2*a)
            sage: L(1)
            0.000000000000000
            sage: L.taylor_series(1, 5)
            0.000000000000000 - 5.51899839494458*z + 13.6297841350649*z^2 - 16.2292417817675*z^3 + 7.94788823722712*z^4 + O(z^5)

        These should be equal::

            sage: L(2) + E.lseries_gross_zagier(A^2)(2)
            0.502803417587467
            sage: E.lseries()(2) * E.quadratic_twist(-40).lseries()(2)
            0.502803417587467
        """
        try:
            return self.__lseries_gross_zagier[A]
        except AttributeError:
            self.__lseries_gross_zagier = {}
        except KeyError:
            pass

        from sage.modular.modform.l_series_gross_zagier import GrossZagierLseries
        self.__lseries_gross_zagier[A] = GrossZagierLseries(self, A)
        return self.__lseries_gross_zagier[A]

    def Lambda(self, s, prec):
        r"""
        Return the value of the Lambda-series of the elliptic curve E at
        s, where s can be any complex number.

        IMPLEMENTATION: Fairly *slow* computation using the definitions
        and implemented in Python.

        Uses prec terms of the power series.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
            sage: E.Lambda(1.4+0.5*I, 50)
            -0.354172680517... + 0.874518681720...*I
        """
        from sage.all import pi

        s = C(s)
        N = self.conductor()
        pi = R(pi)
        a = self.anlist(prec)
        eps = self.root_number()
        sqrtN = float(N.sqrt())

        def _F(n, t):
            return gamma_inc(t+1, 2*pi*n/sqrtN) * C(sqrtN/(2*pi*n))**(t+1)
        return sum(a[n]*(_F(n,s-1) + eps*_F(n,1-s)) for n in range(1, prec+1))

    def is_local_integral_model(self,*p):
        r"""
        Tests if self is integral at the prime `p`, or at all the
        primes if `p` is a list or tuple of primes

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1/2,1/5,1/5,1/5,1/5])
            sage: [E.is_local_integral_model(p) for p in (2,3,5)]
            [False, True, False]
            sage: E.is_local_integral_model(2,3,5)
            False
            sage: Eint2=E.local_integral_model(2)
            sage: Eint2.is_local_integral_model(2)
            True
        """
        if len(p) == 1:
            p = p[0]
        if isinstance(p, (tuple, list)):
            return all(self.is_local_integral_model(x) for x in p)
        assert p.is_prime(), "p must be prime in is_local_integral_model()"
        return all(x.valuation(p) >= 0 for x in self.ainvs())

    def local_integral_model(self,p):
        r"""
        Return a model of self which is integral at the prime `p`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 1/216, -7/1296, 1/7776])
            sage: E.local_integral_model(2)
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + 1/27*y = x^3 - 7/81*x + 2/243 over Rational Field
            sage: E.local_integral_model(3)
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + 1/8*y = x^3 - 7/16*x + 3/32 over Rational Field
            sage: E.local_integral_model(2).local_integral_model(3) == EllipticCurve('5077a1')
            True
        """
        assert p.is_prime(), "p must be prime in local_integral_model()"
        ai = self.a_invariants()
        e  = min([(ai[i].valuation(p)/[1,2,3,4,6][i]) for i in range(5)]).floor()
        return constructor.EllipticCurve([ai[i]/p**(e*[1,2,3,4,6][i]) for i in range(5)])

    def is_global_integral_model(self):
        r"""
        Return ``True`` iff ``self`` is integral at all primes.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1/2,1/5,1/5,1/5,1/5])
            sage: E.is_global_integral_model()
            False
            sage: Emin=E.global_integral_model()
            sage: Emin.is_global_integral_model()
            True
        """
        return self.is_integral()

    def global_integral_model(self):
        r"""
        Return a model of ``self`` which is integral at all primes.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 1/216, -7/1296, 1/7776])
            sage: F = E.global_integral_model(); F
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - 7*x + 6 over Rational Field
            sage: F == EllipticCurve('5077a1')
            True
        """
        ai = self.a_invariants()
        for a in ai:
            if not a.is_integral():
                for p, _ in a.denom().factor():
                    e  = min((ai[i].valuation(p)/[1,2,3,4,6][i])
                             for i in range(5)).floor()
                    ai = [ai[i]/p**(e*[1,2,3,4,6][i]) for i in range(5)]
        for z in ai:
            assert z.denominator() == 1, "bug in global_integral_model: %s" % ai
        return constructor.EllipticCurve(list(ai))

    integral_model = global_integral_model

    def integral_short_weierstrass_model(self):
        r"""
        Return a model of the form `y^2 = x^3 + ax + b` for this
        curve with `a,b\in\ZZ`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('17a1')
            sage: E.integral_short_weierstrass_model()
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2  = x^3 - 11*x - 890 over Rational Field
        """
        F = self.minimal_model().short_weierstrass_model()
        _, _, _, A, B = F.ainvs()
        for p in [2, 3]:
            e = min(A.valuation(p) / 4, B.valuation(p) / 6).floor()
            A /= Integer(p**(4 * e))
            B /= Integer(p**(6 * e))
        return constructor.EllipticCurve([A, B])

    def _generalized_congmod_numbers(self, M, invariant="both"):
        """
        Internal method to compute the generalized modular degree and congruence number
        at level `MN`, where `N` is the conductor of `E`.
        Values obtained are cached.

        This function is called by self.modular_degree() and self.congruence_number() when
        `M>1`. Since so much of the computation of the two values is shared, this method
        by default computes and caches both.

        INPUT:

        - ``M`` - Non-negative integer; this function is only ever called on M>1, although
          the algorithm works fine for the case `M==1`

        - ``invariant`` - String; default "both". Options are:

          - "both" - Both modular degree and congruence number at level `MN` are computed

          - "moddeg" - Only modular degree is computed

          - "congnum" - Only congruence number is computed

        OUTPUT:

        - A dictionary containing either the modular degree (a positive integer) at index "moddeg",
          or the congruence number (a positive integer) at index "congnum", or both.

        As far as we know there is no other implementation for this algorithm, so as yet
        there is nothing to check the below examples against.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: for M in range(2,8):  # long time (22s on 2009 MBP)
            ....:     print((M, E.modular_degree(M=M),E.congruence_number(M=M)))
            (2, 5, 20)
            (3, 7, 28)
            (4, 50, 400)
            (5, 32, 128)
            (6, 1225, 19600)
            (7, 63, 252)
        """
        # Check invariant specification before we get going
        if invariant not in ["moddeg", "congnum", "both"]:
            raise ValueError("Invalid invariant specification")

        # Cuspidal space at level MN
        N = self.conductor()
        S = ModularSymbols(N*M,sign=1).cuspidal_subspace()

        # Cut out the subspace by hitting it with T_p for enough p
        A = S
        d = self.dimension()*arith.sigma(M,0)
        p = 2
        while A.dimension() > d:
            while N*M % p == 0:
                p = arith.next_prime(p)
            Tp = A.hecke_operator(p)
            A = (Tp - self.ap(p)).kernel()
            p = arith.next_prime(p)
        B = A.complement().cuspidal_submodule()

        L = {}
        if invariant in ["moddeg", "both"]:
            V = A.integral_structure()
            W = B.integral_structure()
            moddeg  = (V + W).index_in(S.integral_structure())
            L["moddeg"] = moddeg
            self.__generalized_modular_degree[M] = moddeg

        if invariant in ["congnum", "both"]:
            congnum = A.congruence_number(B)
            L["congnum"] = congnum
            self.__generalized_congruence_number[M] = congnum

        return L


    def modular_degree(self, algorithm='sympow', M=1):
        r"""
        Return the modular degree at level `MN` of this elliptic curve. The case
        `M==1` corresponds to the classical definition of modular degree.

        When `M>1`, the function returns the degree of the map from `X_0(MN) \to A`, where
        A is the abelian variety generated by embeddings of `E` into `J_0(MN)`.

        The result is cached. Subsequent calls, even with a different
        algorithm, just returned the cached result. The algorithm argument is ignored
        when `M>1`.

        INPUT:

        -  ``algorithm`` - string:

        -  ``'sympow'`` - (default) use Mark Watkin's (newer) C
           program sympow

        -  ``'magma'`` - requires that MAGMA be installed (also
           implemented by Mark Watkins)

        -  ``M`` - Non-negative integer; the modular degree at level `MN` is returned
                   (see above)

        .. note::

            On 64-bit computers ec does not work, so Sage uses sympow
            even if ec is selected on a 64-bit computer.

        The correctness of this function when called with algorithm "sympow"
        is subject to the following three hypothesis:


        -  Manin's conjecture: the Manin constant is 1

        -  Steven's conjecture: the `X_1(N)`-optimal quotient is
           the curve with minimal Faltings height. (This is proved in most
           cases.)

        -  The modular degree fits in a machine double, so it better be
           less than about 50-some bits. (If you use sympow this constraint
           does not apply.)


        Moreover for all algorithms, computing a certain value of an
        `L`-function 'uses a heuristic method that discerns when
        the real-number approximation to the modular degree is within
        epsilon [=0.01 for algorithm='sympow'] of the same integer for 3
        consecutive trials (which occur maybe every 25000 coefficients or
        so). Probably it could just round at some point. For rigour, you
        would need to bound the tail by assuming (essentially) that all the
        `a_n` are as large as possible, but in practice they
        exhibit significant (square root) cancellation. One difficulty is
        that it doesn't do the sum in 1-2-3-4 order; it uses
        1-2-4-8--3-6-12-24-9-18- (Euler product style) instead, and so you
        have to guess ahead of time at what point to curtail this
        expansion.' (Quote from an email of Mark Watkins.)

        .. note::

            If the curve is loaded from the large Cremona database,
            then the modular degree is taken from the database.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, -1, 1, -10, -20])
            sage: E
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x^2 - 10*x - 20 over Rational Field
            sage: E.modular_degree()
            1
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('5077a')
            sage: E.modular_degree()
            1984
            sage: factor(1984)
            2^6 * 31

        ::

            sage: EllipticCurve([0, 0, 1, -7, 6]).modular_degree()
            1984
            sage: EllipticCurve([0, 0, 1, -7, 6]).modular_degree(algorithm='sympow')
            1984
            sage: EllipticCurve([0, 0, 1, -7, 6]).modular_degree(algorithm='magma')  # optional - magma
            1984

        We compute the modular degree of the curve with rank 4 having
        smallest (known) conductor::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, -1, 0, -79, 289])
            sage: factor(E.conductor())  # conductor is 234446
            2 * 117223
            sage: factor(E.modular_degree())
            2^7 * 2617

        Higher level cases::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a')
            sage: for M in range(1,11): print(E.modular_degree(M=M)) # long time (20s on 2009 MBP)
            1
            1
            3
            2
            7
            45
            12
            16
            54
            245
        """
        # Case 1: standard modular degree
        if M==1:
            try:
                return self.__modular_degree

            except AttributeError:
                if algorithm == 'sympow':
                    from sage.lfunctions.all import sympow
                    m = sympow.modular_degree(self)
                elif algorithm == 'magma':
                    from sage.interfaces.all import magma
                    m = rings.Integer(magma(self).ModularDegree())
                else:
                    raise ValueError("unknown algorithm %s"%algorithm)
                self.__modular_degree = m
                return m

        # Case 2: M > 1
        else:
            try:
                return self.__generalized_modular_degree[M]
            except KeyError:
                # self._generalized_congmod_numbers() also populates cache
                return self._generalized_congmod_numbers(M)["moddeg"]


    def modular_parametrization(self):
        r"""
        Return the modular parametrization of this elliptic curve, which is
        a map from `X_0(N)` to self, where `N` is the conductor of self.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('15a')
            sage: phi = E.modular_parametrization(); phi
            Modular parameterization from the upper half plane to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 10*x - 10 over Rational Field
            sage: z = 0.1 + 0.2j
            sage: phi(z)
            (8.20822465478531 - 13.1562816054682*I : -8.79855099049364 + 69.4006129342200*I : 1.00000000000000)

        This map is actually a map on `X_0(N)`, so equivalent representatives
        in the upper half plane map to the same point::

            sage: phi((-7*z-1)/(15*z+2))
            (8.20822465478524 - 13.1562816054681*I : -8.79855099049... + 69.4006129342...*I : 1.00000000000000)

        We can also get a series expansion of this modular parameterization::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a1')
            sage: X,Y=E.modular_parametrization().power_series()
            sage: X
            q^-2 + 2*q^-1 + 4 + 7*q + 13*q^2 + 18*q^3 + 31*q^4 + 49*q^5 + 74*q^6 + 111*q^7 + 173*q^8 + 251*q^9 + 379*q^10 + 560*q^11 + 824*q^12 + 1199*q^13 + 1773*q^14 + 2548*q^15 + 3722*q^16 + 5374*q^17 + O(q^18)
            sage: Y
            -q^-3 - 3*q^-2 - 8*q^-1 - 17 - 33*q - 61*q^2 - 110*q^3 - 186*q^4 - 320*q^5 - 528*q^6 - 861*q^7 - 1383*q^8 - 2218*q^9 - 3472*q^10 - 5451*q^11 - 8447*q^12 - 13020*q^13 - 19923*q^14 - 30403*q^15 - 46003*q^16 + O(q^17)

        The following should give 0, but only approximately::

            sage: q = X.parent().gen()
            sage: E.defining_polynomial()(X,Y,1) + O(q^11) == 0
            True
        """
        return ModularParameterization(self)

    def congruence_number(self, M=1):
        r"""
        The case `M==1` corresponds to the classical definition of congruence number:
        Let `X` be the subspace of `S_2(\Gamma_0(N))` spanned by the newform
        associated with this elliptic curve, and `Y` be orthogonal complement
        of `X` under the Petersson inner product. Let `S_X` and `S_Y` be the
        intersections of `X` and `Y` with `S_2(\Gamma_0(N), \ZZ)`. The congruence
        number is defined to be `[S_X \oplus S_Y : S_2(\Gamma_0(N),\ZZ)]`.
        It measures congruences between `f` and elements of `S_2(\Gamma_0(N),\ZZ)`
        orthogonal to `f`.

        The congruence number for higher levels, when M>1, is defined as above, but
        instead considers `X` to be the subspace of `S_2(\Gamma_0(MN))` spanned by
        embeddings into `S_2(\Gamma_0(MN))` of the newform associated with this
        elliptic curve; this subspace has dimension `\sigma_0(M)`, i.e. the number
        of divisors of `M`. Let `Y` be the orthogonal complement in `S_2(\Gamma_0(MN))`
        of `X` under the Petersson inner product, and `S_X` and `S_Y` the intersections
        of `X` and `Y` with `S_2(\Gamma_0(MN), \ZZ)` respectively. Then the congruence
        number at level `MN` is `[S_X \oplus S_Y : S_2(\Gamma_0(MN),\ZZ)]`.

        INPUT:

        - `M` -- Non-negative integer; congruence number is computed
          at level `MN`, where `N` is the conductor of ``self``.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
            sage: E.congruence_number()
            2
            sage: E.congruence_number()
            2
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('54b')
            sage: E.congruence_number()
            6
            sage: E.modular_degree()
            2
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('242a1')
            sage: E.modular_degree()
            16
            sage: E.congruence_number()  # long time (4s on sage.math, 2011)
            176

        Higher level cases::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a')
            sage: for M in range(1,11): print(E.congruence_number(M)) # long time (20s on 2009 MBP)
            1
            1
            3
            2
            7
            45
            12
            4
            18
            245

        It is a theorem of Ribet that the congruence number (at level `N`) is equal
        to the modular degree in the case of square free conductor. It is a conjecture
        of Agashe, Ribet, and Stein that `ord_p(c_f/m_f) \le ord_p(N)/2`.

        TESTS::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a')
            sage: E.congruence_number()
            1
        """
        # Case 1: M==1
        if M==1:
            try:
                return self.__congruence_number
            except AttributeError:
                pass
            # Currently this is *much* faster to compute
            m = self.modular_degree()
            if self.conductor().is_squarefree():
                self.__congruence_number = m
            else:
                W = self.modular_symbol_space(sign=1)
                V = W.complement().cuspidal_subspace()
                self.__congruence_number = W.congruence_number(V)
                if not m.divides(self.__congruence_number):
                    # We should never get here
                    raise ValueError("BUG in modular degree or congruence number computation of: %s" % self)
            return self.__congruence_number

        # Case 2: M > 1
        else:
            try:
                return self.__generalized_congruence_number[M]
            except KeyError:
                # self._generalized_congmod_numbers() also populates cache
                return self._generalized_congmod_numbers(M)["congnum"]


    def cremona_label(self, space=False):
        """
        Return the Cremona label associated to (the minimal model) of this
        curve, if it is known. If not, raise a ``LookupError`` exception.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a1')
            sage: E.cremona_label()
            '389a1'

        The default database only contains conductors up to 10000, so any
        curve with conductor greater than that will cause an error to be
        raised. The optional package ``database_cremona_ellcurve``
        contains many more curves.

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, -1, 0, -79, 289])
            sage: E.conductor()
            234446
            sage: E.cremona_label()  # optional - database_cremona_ellcurve
            '234446a1'
            sage: E = EllipticCurve((0, 0, 1, -79, 342))
            sage: E.conductor()
            19047851
            sage: E.cremona_label()
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            LookupError: Cremona database does not contain entry for Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - 79*x + 342 over Rational Field
        """
        try:
            label = self.__cremona_label
        except AttributeError:
            label = self.database_attributes()['cremona_label']
            self.__cremona_label = label
        if not space:
            return label.replace(' ', '')
        return label

    label = cremona_label

    def reduction(self,p):
        """
        Return the reduction of the elliptic curve at a prime of good
        reduction.

        .. note::

           The actual reduction is done in ``self.change_ring(GF(p))``;
           the reduction is performed after changing to a model which
           is minimal at p.

        INPUT:

        -  ``p`` -- a (positive) prime number

        OUTPUT: an elliptic curve over the finite field GF(p)

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a1')
            sage: E.reduction(2)
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 + x^2 over Finite Field of size 2
            sage: E.reduction(3)
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 + x^2 + x over Finite Field of size 3
            sage: E.reduction(5)
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 + x^2 + 3*x over Finite Field of size 5
            sage: E.reduction(38)
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            AttributeError: p must be prime.
            sage: E.reduction(389)
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            AttributeError: The curve must have good reduction at p.
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([5^4,5^6])
            sage: E.reduction(5)
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x + 1 over Finite Field of size 5
        """
        p = rings.Integer(p)
        if not p.is_prime():
            raise AttributeError("p must be prime.")
        disc = self.discriminant()
        if not disc.valuation(p) == 0:
            local_data=self.local_data(p)
            if local_data.has_good_reduction():
                return local_data.minimal_model().change_ring(rings.GF(p))
            raise AttributeError("The curve must have good reduction at p.")
        return self.change_ring(rings.GF(p))

    def torsion_order(self):
        """
        Return the order of the torsion subgroup.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: e = EllipticCurve('11a')
            sage: e.torsion_order()
            5
            sage: type(e.torsion_order())
            <... 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
            sage: e = EllipticCurve([1,2,3,4,5])
            sage: e.torsion_order()
            1
            sage: type(e.torsion_order())
            <... 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
        """
        try:
            return self.__torsion_order
        except AttributeError:
            self.__torsion_order = self.torsion_subgroup().order()
            return self.__torsion_order

    def _torsion_bound(self,number_of_places = 20):
        r"""
        Compute an upper bound on the order of the torsion group of the
        elliptic curve by counting points modulo several primes of good
        reduction.

        Note that the upper bound returned by this function is a
        multiple of the order of the torsion group.

        INPUT:

        -  ``number_of_places (default = 20)`` - the number
           of places that will be used to find the bound

        OUTPUT:

        -  ``integer`` - the upper bound

        EXAMPLES:
        """
        E = self
        bound = Integer(0)
        k = 0
        p = Integer(2)   # will run through odd primes
        while k < number_of_places :
            p = p.next_prime()
            # check if the formal group at the place is torsion-free
            # if so the torsion injects into the reduction
            while not E.is_local_integral_model(p) or not E.is_good(p): p = p.next_prime()
            bound = arith.gcd(bound,E.reduction(p).cardinality())
            if bound == 1:
                return bound
            k += 1
        return bound

    def torsion_subgroup(self):
        """
        Return the torsion subgroup of this elliptic curve.

        OUTPUT: The EllipticCurveTorsionSubgroup instance associated to
        this elliptic curve.

        .. note::

           To see the torsion points as a list, use :meth:`.torsion_points`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: EllipticCurve('11a').torsion_subgroup()
            Torsion Subgroup isomorphic to Z/5 associated to the Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x^2 - 10*x - 20 over Rational Field
            sage: EllipticCurve('37b').torsion_subgroup()
            Torsion Subgroup isomorphic to Z/3 associated to the Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 + x^2 - 23*x - 50 over Rational Field

        ::

            sage: e = EllipticCurve([-1386747,368636886]);e
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2  = x^3 - 1386747*x + 368636886 over Rational Field
            sage: G = e.torsion_subgroup(); G
            Torsion Subgroup isomorphic to Z/8 + Z/2 associated to the
             Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 - 1386747*x + 368636886 over
             Rational Field
            sage: G.0*3 + G.1
            (1227 : 22680 : 1)
            sage: G.1
            (282 : 0 : 1)
            sage: list(G)
            [(0 : 1 : 0), (147 : 12960 : 1), (2307 : 97200 : 1), (-933 : 29160 : 1), (1011 : 0 : 1), (-933 : -29160 : 1), (2307 : -97200 : 1), (147 : -12960 : 1), (282 : 0 : 1), (8787 : 816480 : 1), (-285 : 27216 : 1), (1227 : 22680 : 1), (-1293 : 0 : 1), (1227 : -22680 : 1), (-285 : -27216 : 1), (8787 : -816480 : 1)]
        """
        try:
            G = self.__torsion_subgroup
        except AttributeError:
            G = ell_torsion.EllipticCurveTorsionSubgroup(self)
            self.__torsion_subgroup = G

        self.__torsion_order = G.order()
        return self.__torsion_subgroup

    def torsion_points(self):
        """
        Return the torsion points of this elliptic curve as a sorted
        list.

        OUTPUT: A list of all the torsion points on this elliptic curve.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: EllipticCurve('11a').torsion_points()
            [(0 : 1 : 0), (5 : -6 : 1), (5 : 5 : 1), (16 : -61 : 1), (16 : 60 : 1)]
            sage: EllipticCurve('37b').torsion_points()
            [(0 : 1 : 0), (8 : -19 : 1), (8 : 18 : 1)]

        Some curves with large torsion groups::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([-1386747, 368636886])
            sage: T = E.torsion_subgroup(); T
            Torsion Subgroup isomorphic to Z/8 + Z/2 associated to the
             Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 - 1386747*x + 368636886 over
             Rational Field
            sage: E.torsion_points()
            [(-1293 : 0 : 1),
             (-933 : -29160 : 1),
             (-933 : 29160 : 1),
             (-285 : -27216 : 1),
             (-285 : 27216 : 1),
             (0 : 1 : 0),
             (147 : -12960 : 1),
             (147 : 12960 : 1),
             (282 : 0 : 1),
             (1011 : 0 : 1),
             (1227 : -22680 : 1),
             (1227 : 22680 : 1),
             (2307 : -97200 : 1),
             (2307 : 97200 : 1),
             (8787 : -816480 : 1),
             (8787 : 816480 : 1)]
            sage: EllipticCurve('210b5').torsion_points()
            [(-41/4 : 37/8 : 1),
             (-5 : -103 : 1),
             (-5 : 107 : 1),
             (0 : 1 : 0),
             (10 : -208 : 1),
             (10 : 197 : 1),
             (37 : -397 : 1),
             (37 : 359 : 1),
             (100 : -1153 : 1),
             (100 : 1052 : 1),
             (415 : -8713 : 1),
             (415 : 8297 : 1)]
            sage: EllipticCurve('210e2').torsion_points()
            [(-36 : 18 : 1),
             (-26 : -122 : 1),
             (-26 : 148 : 1),
             (-8 : -122 : 1),
             (-8 : 130 : 1),
             (0 : 1 : 0),
             (4 : -62 : 1),
             (4 : 58 : 1),
             (31/4 : -31/8 : 1),
             (28 : -14 : 1),
             (34 : -122 : 1),
             (34 : 88 : 1),
             (64 : -482 : 1),
             (64 : 418 : 1),
             (244 : -3902 : 1),
             (244 : 3658 : 1)]
        """
        return sorted(self.torsion_subgroup().points())

    @cached_method
    def root_number(self, p=None):
        """
        Return the root number of this elliptic curve.

        This is 1 if the order of vanishing of the L-function L(E,s) at 1
        is even, and -1 if it is odd.

        INPUT:

        - `p` -- optional, default (None); if given, return the local
          root number at `p`

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: EllipticCurve('11a1').root_number()
            1
            sage: EllipticCurve('37a1').root_number()
            -1
            sage: EllipticCurve('389a1').root_number()
            1
            sage: type(EllipticCurve('389a1').root_number())
            <... 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('100a1')
            sage: E.root_number(2)
            -1
            sage: E.root_number(5)
            1
            sage: E.root_number(7)
            1

        The root number is cached::

            sage: E.root_number(2) is E.root_number(2)
            True
            sage: E.root_number()
            1
        """
        e = self.pari_mincurve()
        if p is None:
            return Integer(e.ellrootno())
        else:
            return Integer(e.ellrootno(p))

    def has_cm(self):
        r"""
        Return whether or not this curve has a CM `j`-invariant.

        OUTPUT:

        ``True`` if the `j`-invariant of this curve is the
        `j`-invariant of an imaginary quadratic order, otherwise
        ``False``.

        .. SEEALSO::

            :meth:`cm_discriminant()` and :meth:`has_rational_cm`

        .. note::

           Even if `E` has CM in this sense (that its `j`-invariant is
           a CM `j`-invariant), since the associated negative
           discriminant `D` is not a square in `\QQ`, the extra
           endomorphisms will not be defined over `\QQ`.  See also the
           method :meth:`has_rational_cm` which tests whether `E` has
           extra endomorphisms defined over `\QQ` or a given extension
           of `\QQ`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.has_cm()
            False
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('32a1')
            sage: E.has_cm()
            True
            sage: E.j_invariant()
            1728
        """
        return self.j_invariant() in CMJ

    def cm_discriminant(self):
        """
        Return the associated quadratic discriminant if this elliptic
        curve has Complex Multiplication over the algebraic closure.

        A ValueError is raised if the curve does not have CM (see the
        function :meth:`has_cm()`).

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('32a1')
            sage: E.cm_discriminant()
            -4
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('121b1')
            sage: E.cm_discriminant()
            -11
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.cm_discriminant()
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            ValueError: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x over Rational Field does not have CM
        """

        try:
            return ZZ(CMJ[self.j_invariant()])
        except KeyError:
            raise ValueError("%s does not have CM"%self)

    def has_rational_cm(self, field=None):
        r"""
        Return whether or not this curve has CM defined over `\QQ`
        or the given field.

        INPUT:

        - ``field`` -- a field, which should be an extension of `\QQ`.
          If ``field`` is ``None`` (the default), it is taken to be
          `\QQ`.

        OUTPUT:

        ``True`` if the ring of endomorphisms of this curve over
        the given field is larger than `\ZZ`; otherwise ``False``.
        If ``field`` is ``None`` the output will always be ``False``.
        See also :meth:`cm_discriminant()` and :meth:`has_cm`.

        .. note::

           If `E` has CM but the discriminant `D` is not a square in
           the given field `K`, which will certainly be the case for
           `K=\QQ` since `D<0`, then the extra endomorphisms will not
           be defined over `K`, and this function will return
           ``False``.  See also :meth:`has_cm`.  To obtain the CM
           discriminant, use :meth:`cm_discriminant()`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve(j=0)
            sage: E.has_cm()
            True
            sage: E.has_rational_cm()
            False
            sage: D = E.cm_discriminant(); D
            -3

        If we extend scalars to a field in which the discriminant is a
        square, the CM becomes rational::

            sage: E.has_rational_cm(QuadraticField(-3))
            True

            sage: E = EllipticCurve(j=8000)
            sage: E.has_cm()
            True
            sage: E.has_rational_cm()
            False
            sage: D = E.cm_discriminant(); D
            -8

        Again, we may extend scalars to a field in which the
        discriminant is a square, where the CM becomes rational::

            sage: E.has_rational_cm(QuadraticField(-2))
            True

        The field need not be a number field provided that it is an
        extension of `\QQ`::

            sage: E.has_rational_cm(RR)
            False
            sage: E.has_rational_cm(CC)
            True

        An error is raised if a field is given which is not an
        extension of `\QQ`, i.e., not of characteristic `0`::

            sage: E.has_rational_cm(GF(2))
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            ValueError: Error in has_rational_cm: Finite Field of size 2 is not an extension field of QQ
        """
        if field is None:
            return False
        try:
            D = self.cm_discriminant()
        except ValueError:
            return False
        try:
            if field.characteristic()==0:
                D = field(D)
                return D.is_square()
            raise ValueError("Error in has_rational_cm: %s is not an extension field of QQ" % field)
        except AttributeError:
            raise ValueError("Error in has_rational_cm: %s is not an extension field of QQ" % field)

    def quadratic_twist(self, D):
        """
        Return the global minimal model of the quadratic twist of this
        curve by D.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E7=E.quadratic_twist(7); E7
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2  = x^3 - 784*x + 5488 over Rational Field
            sage: E7.conductor()
            29008
            sage: E7.quadratic_twist(7) == E
            True
        """
        return EllipticCurve_number_field.quadratic_twist(self, D).minimal_model()

    def minimal_quadratic_twist(self):
        r"""
        Determine a quadratic twist with minimal conductor. Return a
        global minimal model of the twist and the fundamental
        discriminant of the quadratic field over which they are
        isomorphic.

        .. note::

           If there is more than one curve with minimal conductor, the
           one returned is the one with smallest label (if in the
           database), or the one with minimal `a`-invariant list
           (otherwise).

        .. note::

           For curves with `j`-invariant 0 or 1728 the curve returned
           is the minimal quadratic twist, not necessarily the minimal
           twist (which would have conductor 27 or 32 respectively).

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('121d1')
            sage: E.minimal_quadratic_twist()
            (Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x^2 over Rational Field, -11)
            sage: Et, D = EllipticCurve('32a1').minimal_quadratic_twist()
            sage: D
            1

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a1')
            sage: Et, D = E.quadratic_twist(-24).minimal_quadratic_twist()
            sage: E == Et
            True
            sage: D
            -24

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,1000])
            sage: E.minimal_quadratic_twist()
            (Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Rational Field, 40)
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,1600,0])
            sage: E.minimal_quadratic_twist()
            (Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 4*x over Rational Field, 5)

        If the curve has square-free conductor then it is already minimal (see :trac:`14060`)::

            sage: E = next(cremona_optimal_curves([2*3*5*7*11]))
            sage: (E, 1) == E.minimal_quadratic_twist()
            True

        An example where the minimal quadratic twist is not the
        minimal twist (which has conductor 27)::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,7])
            sage: E.j_invariant()
            0
            sage: E.minimal_quadratic_twist()[0].conductor()
            5292
        """
        if self.conductor().is_squarefree():
            return self, Integer(1)
        j = self.j_invariant()
        if j!=0 and j!=1728:
            # the constructor from j will give the minimal twist
            Et = constructor.EllipticCurve_from_j(j)
        else:
            if j==0:  # divide c6 by largest cube
                c = -2*self.c6()
                for p in c.support():
                    e = c.valuation(p)//3
                    c /= p**(3*e)
                E1 = constructor.EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,c])
            elif j==1728: # divide c4 by largest square
                c = -3*self.c4()
                for p in c.support():
                    e = c.valuation(p)//2
                    c /= p**(2*e)
                E1 = constructor.EllipticCurve([0,0,0,c,0])
            tw = [-1,2,-2,3,-3,6,-6]
            Elist = [E1] + [E1.quadratic_twist(t) for t in tw]
            Elist.sort(key=lambda E: E.conductor())
            Et = Elist[0]

        Et = Et.minimal_model()

        D = self.is_quadratic_twist(Et) # 1 or square-free
        if D % 4 != 1:
            D *= 4

        return Et, D


    ##########################################################
    # Isogeny class
    ##########################################################
    def isogeny_class(self, algorithm="sage", order=None):
        r"""
        Return the `\QQ`-isogeny class of this elliptic curve.

        INPUT:

        -  ``algorithm`` - string: one of the following:

           - "database" - use the Cremona database (only works if
             curve is isomorphic to a curve in the database)

           - "sage" (default) - use the native Sage implementation.

        - ``order`` -- None, string, or list of curves (default:
          None): If not None then the curves in the class are
          reordered after being computed.  Note that if the order is
          None then the resulting order will depend on the algorithm.

          - if ``order`` is "database" or "sage", then the reordering
            is so that the order of curves matches the order produced
            by that algorithm.

          - if ``order`` is "lmfdb" then the curves are sorted
            lexicographically by a-invariants, in the LMFDB database.

          - if ``order`` is a list of curves, then the curves in the
            class are reordered to be isomorphic with the specified
            list of curves.

        OUTPUT:

        An instance of the class
        :class:`sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.isogeny_class.IsogenyClass_EC_Rational`.
        This object models a list of minimal models (with containment,
        index, etc based on isomorphism classes).  It also has methods
        for computing the isogeny matrix and the list of isogenies
        between curves in this class.

        .. note::

            The curves in the isogeny class will all be standard
            minimal models.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: isocls = EllipticCurve('37b').isogeny_class(order="lmfdb")
            sage: isocls
            Elliptic curve isogeny class 37b
            sage: isocls.curves
            (Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 + x^2 - 1873*x - 31833 over Rational Field,
             Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 + x^2 - 23*x - 50 over Rational Field,
             Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 + x^2 - 3*x + 1 over Rational Field)
            sage: isocls.matrix()
            [1 3 9]
            [3 1 3]
            [9 3 1]

        ::

            sage: isocls = EllipticCurve('37b').isogeny_class('database', order="lmfdb"); isocls.curves
            (Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 + x^2 - 1873*x - 31833 over Rational Field,
             Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 + x^2 - 23*x - 50 over Rational Field,
             Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 + x^2 - 3*x + 1 over Rational Field)

        This is an example of a curve with a `37`-isogeny::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1,1,1,-8,6])
            sage: isocls = E.isogeny_class(); isocls
            Isogeny class of Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 8*x + 6 over Rational Field
            sage: isocls.matrix()
            [ 1 37]
            [37  1]
            sage: print("\n".join([repr(E) for E in isocls.curves]))
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 8*x + 6 over Rational Field
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 208083*x - 36621194 over Rational Field

        This curve had numerous `2`-isogenies::

            sage: e = EllipticCurve([1,0,0,-39,90])
            sage: isocls = e.isogeny_class(); isocls.matrix()
            [1 2 4 4 8 8]
            [2 1 2 2 4 4]
            [4 2 1 4 8 8]
            [4 2 4 1 2 2]
            [8 4 8 2 1 4]
            [8 4 8 2 4 1]

        See http://math.harvard.edu/~elkies/nature.html for more
        interesting examples of isogeny structures.

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve(j = -262537412640768000)
            sage: isocls = E.isogeny_class(); isocls.matrix()
            [  1 163]
            [163   1]
            sage: print("\n".join([repr(C) for C in isocls.curves]))
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - 2174420*x + 1234136692 over Rational Field
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - 57772164980*x - 5344733777551611 over Rational Field


        The degrees of isogenies are invariant under twists::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve(j = -262537412640768000)
            sage: E1 = E.quadratic_twist(6584935282)
            sage: isocls = E1.isogeny_class(); isocls.matrix()
            [  1 163]
            [163   1]
            sage: E1.conductor()
            18433092966712063653330496

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('14a1')
            sage: isocls = E.isogeny_class(); isocls.matrix()
            [ 1  2  3  3  6  6]
            [ 2  1  6  6  3  3]
            [ 3  6  1  9  2 18]
            [ 3  6  9  1 18  2]
            [ 6  3  2 18  1  9]
            [ 6  3 18  2  9  1]
            sage: print("\n".join([repr(C) for C in isocls.curves]))
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + 4*x - 6 over Rational Field
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - 36*x - 70 over Rational Field
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - x over Rational Field
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - 171*x - 874 over Rational Field
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - 11*x + 12 over Rational Field
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - 2731*x - 55146 over Rational Field
            sage: isocls2 = isocls.reorder('lmfdb'); isocls2.matrix()
            [ 1  2  3  9 18  6]
            [ 2  1  6 18  9  3]
            [ 3  6  1  3  6  2]
            [ 9 18  3  1  2  6]
            [18  9  6  2  1  3]
            [ 6  3  2  6  3  1]
            sage: print("\n".join([repr(C) for C in isocls2.curves]))
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - 2731*x - 55146 over Rational Field
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - 171*x - 874 over Rational Field
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - 36*x - 70 over Rational Field
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - 11*x + 12 over Rational Field
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - x over Rational Field
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + 4*x - 6 over Rational Field

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a1')
            sage: isocls = E.isogeny_class(); isocls.matrix()
            [ 1  5  5]
            [ 5  1 25]
            [ 5 25  1]
            sage: f = isocls.isogenies()[0][1]; f.kernel_polynomial()
            x^2 + x - 29/5
        """
        try:
            isoclass = self._isoclass[algorithm]
        except KeyError:
            from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.isogeny_class import IsogenyClass_EC_Rational
            if hasattr(self, "_lmfdb_label") and self._lmfdb_label:
                label = self._lmfdb_label[:-1]
            elif hasattr(self, "_EllipticCurve_rational_field__cremona_label") and self.__cremona_label:
                label = self.__cremona_label[:-1]
            else:
                label = None

            isoclass = IsogenyClass_EC_Rational(self, algorithm, label)
            self._isoclass[algorithm] = isoclass

        if order:
            isoclass = isoclass.reorder(order)

        return isoclass

    def isogenies_prime_degree(self, l=None):
        r"""
        Return a list of `\ell`-isogenies from self, where `\ell` is a
        prime.

        INPUT:

        - ``l`` -- either None or a prime or a list of primes.

        OUTPUT:

        (list) `\ell`-isogenies for the given `\ell` or if `\ell` is None, all
        `\ell`-isogenies.

        .. note::

           The codomains of the isogenies returned are standard
           minimal models.  This is because the functions
           :meth:`isogenies_prime_degree_genus_0()` and
           :meth:`isogenies_sporadic_Q()` are implemented that way for
           curves defined over `\QQ`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([45,32])
            sage: E.isogenies_prime_degree()
            []
            sage: E = EllipticCurve(j = -262537412640768000)
            sage: E.isogenies_prime_degree()
            [Isogeny of degree 163 from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - 2174420*x + 1234136692 over Rational Field to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - 57772164980*x - 5344733777551611 over Rational Field]
            sage: E1 = E.quadratic_twist(6584935282)
            sage: E1.isogenies_prime_degree()
            [Isogeny of degree 163 from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 - 94285835957031797981376080*x + 352385311612420041387338054224547830898 over Rational Field to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 - 2505080375542377840567181069520*x - 1526091631109553256978090116318797845018020806 over Rational Field]

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('14a1')
            sage: E.isogenies_prime_degree(2)
            [Isogeny of degree 2 from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + 4*x - 6 over Rational Field to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - 36*x - 70 over Rational Field]
            sage: E.isogenies_prime_degree(3)
            [Isogeny of degree 3 from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + 4*x - 6 over Rational Field to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - x over Rational Field, Isogeny of degree 3 from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + 4*x - 6 over Rational Field to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - 171*x - 874 over Rational Field]
            sage: E.isogenies_prime_degree(5)
            []
            sage: E.isogenies_prime_degree(11)
            []
            sage: E.isogenies_prime_degree(29)
            []
            sage: E.isogenies_prime_degree(4)
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            ValueError: 4 is not prime.

        """
        from .isogeny_small_degree import isogenies_prime_degree_genus_0, isogenies_sporadic_Q

        if l in [2, 3, 5, 7, 13]:
            return isogenies_prime_degree_genus_0(self, l)
        elif l is not None and not isinstance(l, list):
            try:
                if l.is_prime(proof=False):
                    return isogenies_sporadic_Q(self, l)
                else:
                    raise ValueError("%s is not prime."%l)
            except AttributeError:
                raise ValueError("%s is not prime."%l)
        if l is None:
            isogs = isogenies_prime_degree_genus_0(self)
            if isogs:
                return isogs
            else:
                return isogenies_sporadic_Q(self)
        if isinstance(l, list):
            isogs = []
            i = 0
            while i<len(l):
                isogenies = [f for f in self.isogenies_prime_degree(l[i]) if not f in isogs]
                isogs.extend(isogenies)
                i += 1
            return isogs

    def is_isogenous(self, other, proof=True, maxp=200):
        """
        Return whether or not self is isogenous to other.

        INPUT:

        - ``other`` -- another elliptic curve.

        - ``proof`` (default True) -- If ``False``, the function will
          return ``True`` whenever the two curves have the same
          conductor and are isogenous modulo `p` for `p` up to ``maxp``.
          If ``True``, this test is followed by a rigorous test (which
          may be more time-consuming).

        - ``maxp`` (int, default 200) -- The maximum prime `p` for
          which isogeny modulo `p` will be checked.

        OUTPUT:

        (bool) True if there is an isogeny from curve ``self`` to
        curve ``other``.

        METHOD:

        First the conductors are compared as well as the Traces of
        Frobenius for good primes up to ``maxp``.  If any of these
        tests fail, ``False`` is returned.  If they all pass and
        ``proof`` is ``False`` then ``True`` is returned, otherwise a
        complete set of curves isogenous to ``self`` is computed and
        ``other`` is checked for isomorphism with any of these,

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E1 = EllipticCurve('14a1')
            sage: E6 = EllipticCurve('14a6')
            sage: E1.is_isogenous(E6)
            True
            sage: E1.is_isogenous(EllipticCurve('11a1'))
            False

        ::

            sage: EllipticCurve('37a1').is_isogenous(EllipticCurve('37b1'))
            False

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([2, 16])
            sage: EE = EllipticCurve([87, 45])
            sage: E.is_isogenous(EE)
            False
        """
        if not is_EllipticCurve(other):
            raise ValueError("Second argument is not an Elliptic Curve.")
        if not other.base_field() is QQ:
            raise ValueError("If first argument is an elliptic curve over QQ then the second argument must be also.")

        if self.is_isomorphic(other):
            return True

        E1 = self.minimal_model()
        E2 = other.minimal_model()
        D1 = E1.discriminant()
        D2 = E2.discriminant()

        if any(E1.change_ring(rings.GF(p)).cardinality() != E2.change_ring(rings.GF(p)).cardinality()
               for p in rings.prime_range(2, maxp)
               if D1.valuation(p) == 0 and D2.valuation(p) == 0):
            return False

        if E1.conductor() != E2.conductor():
            return False

        if not proof:
            return True
        else:
            return  E2 in E1.isogeny_class().curves

    def isogeny_degree(self, other):
        """
        Return the minimal degree of an isogeny between self and
        other.

        INPUT:

        - ``other`` -- another elliptic curve.

        OUTPUT:

        (int) The minimal degree of an isogeny from ``self`` to
        ``other``, or 0 if the curves are not isogenous.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([-1056, 13552])
            sage: E2 = EllipticCurve([-127776, -18037712])
            sage: E.isogeny_degree(E2)
            11

        ::

            sage: E1 = EllipticCurve('14a1')
            sage: E2 = EllipticCurve('14a2')
            sage: E3 = EllipticCurve('14a3')
            sage: E4 = EllipticCurve('14a4')
            sage: E5 = EllipticCurve('14a5')
            sage: E6 = EllipticCurve('14a6')
            sage: E3.isogeny_degree(E1)
            3
            sage: E3.isogeny_degree(E2)
            6
            sage: E3.isogeny_degree(E3)
            1
            sage: E3.isogeny_degree(E4)
            9
            sage: E3.isogeny_degree(E5)
            2
            sage: E3.isogeny_degree(E6)
            18

        ::

            sage: E1 = EllipticCurve('30a1')
            sage: E2 = EllipticCurve('30a2')
            sage: E3 = EllipticCurve('30a3')
            sage: E4 = EllipticCurve('30a4')
            sage: E5 = EllipticCurve('30a5')
            sage: E6 = EllipticCurve('30a6')
            sage: E7 = EllipticCurve('30a7')
            sage: E8 = EllipticCurve('30a8')
            sage: E1.isogeny_degree(E1)
            1
            sage: E1.isogeny_degree(E2)
            2
            sage: E1.isogeny_degree(E3)
            3
            sage: E1.isogeny_degree(E4)
            4
            sage: E1.isogeny_degree(E5)
            4
            sage: E1.isogeny_degree(E6)
            6
            sage: E1.isogeny_degree(E7)
            12
            sage: E1.isogeny_degree(E8)
            12

        ::

            sage: E1 = EllipticCurve('15a1')
            sage: E2 = EllipticCurve('15a2')
            sage: E3 = EllipticCurve('15a3')
            sage: E4 = EllipticCurve('15a4')
            sage: E5 = EllipticCurve('15a5')
            sage: E6 = EllipticCurve('15a6')
            sage: E7 = EllipticCurve('15a7')
            sage: E8 = EllipticCurve('15a8')
            sage: E1.isogeny_degree(E1)
            1
            sage: E7.isogeny_degree(E2)
            8
            sage: E7.isogeny_degree(E3)
            2
            sage: E7.isogeny_degree(E4)
            8
            sage: E7.isogeny_degree(E5)
            16
            sage: E7.isogeny_degree(E6)
            16
            sage: E7.isogeny_degree(E8)
            4

        0 is returned when the curves are not isogenous::

            sage: A = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: B = EllipticCurve('37b1')
            sage: A.isogeny_degree(B)
            0
            sage: A.is_isogenous(B)
            False
        """
        E1 = self.minimal_model()
        E2 = other.minimal_model()

        if not E1.is_isogenous(E2, proof=False):
            return Integer(0)

        isocls = E1.isogeny_class()
        try:
            return isocls.matrix(fill=True)[0,isocls.index(E2)]
        except ValueError:
            return Integer(0)

#
#     The following function can be implemented once composition of
#     isogenies has been implemented.
#
#     def construct_isogeny(self, other):
#         """
#         Return an isogeny from self to other if the two curves are in
#         the same isogeny class.
#         """


    def optimal_curve(self):
        """
        Given an elliptic curve that is in the installed Cremona
        database, return the optimal curve isogenous to it.

        EXAMPLES:

        The following curve is not optimal::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a2'); E
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x^2 - 7820*x - 263580 over Rational Field
            sage: E.optimal_curve()
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x^2 - 10*x - 20 over Rational Field
            sage: E.optimal_curve().cremona_label()
            '11a1'

        Note that 990h is the special case where the optimal curve
        isn't the first in the Cremona labeling::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('990h4'); E
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - x^2 + 6112*x - 41533 over Rational Field
            sage: F = E.optimal_curve(); F
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - x^2 - 1568*x - 4669 over Rational Field
            sage: F.cremona_label()
            '990h3'
            sage: EllipticCurve('990a1').optimal_curve().cremona_label()   # a isn't h.
            '990a1'

        If the input curve is optimal, this function returns that
        curve (not just a copy of it or a curve isomorphic to it!)::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.optimal_curve() is E
            True

        Also, if this curve is optimal but not given by a minimal
        model, this curve will still be returned, so this function
        need not return a minimal model in general.

        ::

            sage: F = E.short_weierstrass_model(); F
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2  = x^3 - 16*x + 16 over Rational Field
            sage: F.optimal_curve()
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2  = x^3 - 16*x + 16 over Rational Field
        """
        label = self.cremona_label()
        N, isogeny, number = sage.databases.cremona.parse_cremona_label(label)
        if N == 990 and isogeny == 'h':
            optimal_label = '990h3'
        else:
            optimal_label = '%s%s1'%(N,isogeny)
        if optimal_label == label: return self
        return constructor.EllipticCurve(optimal_label)

    def isogeny_graph(self, order=None):
        r"""
        Return a graph representing the isogeny class of this elliptic
        curve, where the vertices are isogenous curves over
        `\QQ` and the edges are prime degree isogenies.

        .. note::

            The vertices are labeled 1 to n rather than 0 to n-1 to
            correspond to LMFDB and Cremona labels.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: LL = []
            sage: for e in cremona_optimal_curves(range(1, 38)):  # long time
            ....:  G = e.isogeny_graph()
            ....:  already = False
            ....:  for H in LL:
            ....:      if G.is_isomorphic(H):
            ....:          already = True
            ....:          break
            ....:  if not already:
            ....:      LL.append(G)
            sage: graphs_list.show_graphs(LL)  # long time

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('195a')
            sage: G = E.isogeny_graph()
            sage: for v in G: print("{} {}".format(v, G.get_vertex(v)))
            1 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y  = x^3 - 110*x + 435 over Rational Field
            2 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y  = x^3 - 115*x + 392 over Rational Field
            3 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y  = x^3 + 210*x + 2277 over Rational Field
            4 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y  = x^3 - 520*x - 4225 over Rational Field
            5 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y  = x^3 + 605*x - 19750 over Rational Field
            6 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y  = x^3 - 8125*x - 282568 over Rational Field
            7 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y  = x^3 - 7930*x - 296725 over Rational Field
            8 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y  = x^3 - 130000*x - 18051943 over Rational Field
            sage: G.plot(edge_labels=True)
            Graphics object consisting of 23 graphics primitives
        """
        return self.isogeny_class(order=order).graph()

    def manin_constant(self):
        r"""
        Return the Manin constant of this elliptic curve.

        If `\phi: X_0(N) \to E` is the modular
        parametrization of minimal degree, then the Manin constant `c` is defined to be the rational
        number `c` such that `\phi^*(\omega_E) = c\cdot \omega_f` where `\omega_E` is a Néron differential and `\omega_f = f(q) dq/q` is the differential on `X_0(N)` corresponding to the
        newform `f` attached to the isogeny class of `E`.

        It is known that the Manin constant is an integer. It is conjectured that in each class there is at least one, more precisely the so-called strong Weil curve or `X_0(N)`-optimal curve, that has Manin constant `1`.

        OUTPUT:

        an integer

        This function only works if the curve is in the installed
        Cremona database.  Sage includes by default a small database;
        for the full database you have to install an optional package.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: EllipticCurve('11a1').manin_constant()
            1
            sage: EllipticCurve('11a2').manin_constant()
            1
            sage: EllipticCurve('11a3').manin_constant()
            5

        Check that it works even if the curve is non-minimal::

            sage: EllipticCurve('11a3').change_weierstrass_model([1/35,0,0,0]).manin_constant()
            5

        Rather complicated examples (see :trac:`12080`) ::

            sage: [ EllipticCurve('27a%s'%i).manin_constant() for i in [1,2,3,4]]
            [1, 1, 3, 3]
            sage: [ EllipticCurve('80b%s'%i).manin_constant() for i in [1,2,3,4]]
            [1, 2, 1, 2]

        """
        from sage.databases.cremona import CremonaDatabase

        if self.conductor() > CremonaDatabase().largest_conductor():
            raise NotImplementedError("The Manin constant can only be evaluated for curves in Cremona's tables. If you have not done so, you may wish to install the optional large database.")

        E = self.minimal_model()
        C = self.optimal_curve()
        m = C.isogeny_class().matrix()
        ma = max(max(x) for x in m)
        OmC = C.period_lattice().basis()
        OmE = E.period_lattice().basis()
        q_plus = QQ(gp.bestappr(OmE[0]/OmC[0],ma+1) )
        n_plus = q_plus.numerator()

        cinf_E = E.real_components()
        cinf_C = C.real_components()
        OmC_minus = OmC[1].imag()
        if cinf_C == 1:
            OmC_minus *= 2
        OmE_minus = OmE[1].imag()
        if cinf_E == 1:
            OmE_minus *= 2
        q_minus = QQ(gp.bestappr(OmE_minus/OmC_minus, ma+1))
        n_minus = q_minus.numerator()
        n = ZZ(n_minus * n_plus)

        if cinf_C == cinf_E:
            return n
        # otherwise they have different number of connected component and we have to adjust for this
        elif cinf_C > cinf_E:
            if ZZ(n_plus) % 2 == 0 and ZZ(n_minus) % 2 == 0:
                return n // 2
            else:
                return n
        else: #if cinf_C < cinf_E:
            if q_plus.denominator() % 2 == 0 and q_minus.denominator() % 2 == 0:
                return n
            else:
                return n*2

    def _shortest_paths(self):
        r"""
        Technical internal function that returns the list of isogenies
        curves and corresponding dictionary of shortest isogeny paths
        from self to each other curve in the isogeny class.

        OUTPUT:

        list, dict

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: EllipticCurve('11a1')._shortest_paths()
            ((Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x^2 - 10*x - 20 over Rational Field,
              Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x^2 over Rational Field,
              Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x^2 - 7820*x - 263580 over Rational Field),
             {0: 0, 1: 5, 2: 5})
            sage: EllipticCurve('11a2')._shortest_paths()
            ((Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x^2 - 7820*x - 263580 over Rational Field,
              Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x^2 - 10*x - 20 over Rational Field,
              Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x^2 over Rational Field),
             {0: 0, 1: 5, 2: 25})
        """
        from sage.graphs.graph import Graph
        isocls = self.isogeny_class()
        M = isocls.matrix(fill=True).change_ring(rings.RR)
        # see trac #4889 for nebulous M.list() --> M.entries() change...
        # Take logs here since shortest path minimizes the *sum* of the weights -- not the product.
        M = M.parent()([a.log() if a else 0 for a in M.list()])
        G = Graph(M, format='weighted_adjacency_matrix')
        G.set_vertices(dict([(v,isocls[v]) for v in G.vertices()]))
        v = G.shortest_path_lengths(0, by_weight=True)
        # Now exponentiate and round to get degrees of isogenies
        v = dict([(i, j.exp().round() if j else 0) for i,j in iteritems(v)])
        return isocls.curves, v

    def _multiple_of_degree_of_isogeny_to_optimal_curve(self):
        r"""
        Internal function returning an integer m such that the degree of
        the isogeny between this curve and the optimal curve in its
        isogeny class is a divisor of m.

        .. warning::

           The result is *not* provably correct, in the
           sense that when the numbers are huge isogenies could be
           missed because of precision issues.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a1')
            sage: E._multiple_of_degree_of_isogeny_to_optimal_curve()
            5
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a2')
            sage: E._multiple_of_degree_of_isogeny_to_optimal_curve()
            25
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a3')
            sage: E._multiple_of_degree_of_isogeny_to_optimal_curve()
            25
        """
        _, v = self._shortest_paths()
        # Compute the degree of an isogeny from self to anything else
        # in the isogeny class of self.  Assuming the isogeny
        # enumeration is complete (which need not be the case a priori!), the LCM
        # of these numbers is a multiple of the degree of the isogeny
        # to the optimal curve.
        v = [deg for num, deg in iteritems(v) if deg]  # get just the degrees
        return arith.LCM(v)

    ##########################################################
    # Galois Representations
    ##########################################################

    def galois_representation(self):
        r"""
        The compatible family of the Galois representation
        attached to this elliptic curve.

        Given an elliptic curve `E` over `\QQ`
        and a rational prime number `p`, the `p^n`-torsion
        `E[p^n]` points of `E` is a representation of the
        absolute Galois group of `\QQ`. As `n` varies
        we obtain the Tate module `T_p E` which is a
        a representation of `G_K` on a free `\ZZ_p`-module
        of rank `2`. As `p` varies the representations
        are compatible.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: rho = EllipticCurve('11a1').galois_representation()
            sage: rho
            Compatible family of Galois representations associated to the Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x^2 - 10*x - 20 over Rational Field
            sage: rho.is_irreducible(7)
            True
            sage: rho.is_irreducible(5)
            False
            sage: rho.is_surjective(11)
            True
            sage: rho.non_surjective()
            [5]
            sage: rho = EllipticCurve('37a1').galois_representation()
            sage: rho.non_surjective()
            []
            sage: rho = EllipticCurve('27a1').galois_representation()
            sage: rho.is_irreducible(7)
            True
            sage: rho.non_surjective()   # cm-curve
            [0]

       """
        try:
            return self.__rho
        except AttributeError:
            from .gal_reps import GaloisRepresentation
            self.__rho = GaloisRepresentation(self)
        return self.__rho

    def is_semistable(self):
        """
        Return ``True`` iff this elliptic curve is semi-stable at all primes.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.is_semistable()
            True
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('90a1')
            sage: E.is_semistable()
            False
        """
        return self.conductor().is_squarefree()

    def is_ordinary(self, p, ell=None):
        """
        Return ``True`` precisely when the mod-p representation attached to
        this elliptic curve is ordinary at ell.

        INPUT:

        -  ``p`` - a prime ell - a prime (default: p)

        OUTPUT: bool

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.is_ordinary(37)
            True
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('32a1')
            sage: E.is_ordinary(2)
            False
            sage: [p for p in prime_range(50) if E.is_ordinary(p)]
            [5, 13, 17, 29, 37, 41]
        """
        if ell is None:
            ell = p
        return self.ap(ell) % p != 0

    def is_good(self, p, check=True):
        """
        Return ``True`` if `p` is a prime of good reduction for `E`.

        INPUT:

        -  ``p`` - a prime

        OUTPUT: bool

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: e = EllipticCurve('11a')
            sage: e.is_good(-8)
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            ValueError: p must be prime
            sage: e.is_good(-8, check=False)
            True

        """
        if check:
            if not arith.is_prime(p):
                raise ValueError("p must be prime")
        return self.conductor() % p != 0


    def is_supersingular(self, p, ell=None):
        """
        Return ``True`` precisely when p is a prime of good reduction and the
        mod-p representation attached to this elliptic curve is
        supersingular at ell.

        INPUT:

        -  ``p`` - a prime ell - a prime (default: p)

        OUTPUT: bool

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.is_supersingular(37)
            False
            sage: E = EllipticCurve('32a1')
            sage: E.is_supersingular(2)
            False
            sage: E.is_supersingular(7)
            True
            sage: [p for p in prime_range(50) if E.is_supersingular(p)]
            [3, 7, 11, 19, 23, 31, 43, 47]

        """
        if ell is None:
            ell = p
        return self.is_good(p) and not self.is_ordinary(p, ell)

    def supersingular_primes(self, B):
        """
        Return a list of all supersingular primes for this elliptic curve
        up to and possibly including B.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: e = EllipticCurve('11a')
            sage: e.aplist(20)
            [-2, -1, 1, -2, 1, 4, -2, 0]
            sage: e.supersingular_primes(1000)
            [2, 19, 29, 199, 569, 809]

        ::

            sage: e = EllipticCurve('27a')
            sage: e.aplist(20)
            [0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 5, 0, -7]
            sage: e.supersingular_primes(97)
            [2, 5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 41, 47, 53, 59, 71, 83, 89]
            sage: e.ordinary_primes(97)
            [7, 13, 19, 31, 37, 43, 61, 67, 73, 79, 97]
            sage: e.supersingular_primes(3)
            [2]
            sage: e.supersingular_primes(2)
            [2]
            sage: e.supersingular_primes(1)
            []
        """
        v = self.aplist(max(B, 3))
        P = rings.prime_range(max(B,3)+1)
        N = self.conductor()
        return [P[i] for i in [0,1] if P[i] <= B and v[i]%P[i]==0 and N%P[i] != 0] + \
                      [P[i] for i in range(2,len(v)) if v[i] == 0 and N%P[i] != 0]

    def ordinary_primes(self, B):
        """
        Return a list of all ordinary primes for this elliptic curve up to
        and possibly including B.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: e = EllipticCurve('11a')
            sage: e.aplist(20)
            [-2, -1, 1, -2, 1, 4, -2, 0]
            sage: e.ordinary_primes(97)
            [3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 23, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97]
            sage: e = EllipticCurve('49a')
            sage: e.aplist(20)
            [1, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0]
            sage: e.supersingular_primes(97)
            [3, 5, 13, 17, 19, 31, 41, 47, 59, 61, 73, 83, 89, 97]
            sage: e.ordinary_primes(97)
            [2, 11, 23, 29, 37, 43, 53, 67, 71, 79]
            sage: e.ordinary_primes(3)
            [2]
            sage: e.ordinary_primes(2)
            [2]
            sage: e.ordinary_primes(1)
            []
        """
        v = self.aplist(max(B, 3))
        P = rings.prime_range(max(B, 3) + 1)
        result = [P[i] for i in [0, 1] if P[i] <= B and v[i] % P[i]]
        result += [P[i] for i in range(2, len(v)) if v[i] != 0]
        return result

    def eval_modular_form(self, points, order):
        r"""
        Evaluate the modular form of this elliptic curve at points in `\CC`.

        INPUT:

        -  ``points`` -- a list of points in the upper half-plane

        -  ``order`` -- a nonnegative integer

        The ``order`` parameter is the number of terms used in the summation.

        OUTPUT: A list of values for `s` in ``points``

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: E.eval_modular_form([1.5+I,2.0+I,2.5+I],100) # abs tol 1e-20
            [-0.0018743978548152085771342944989052703431,
             0.0018604485340371083710285594393397945456,
            -0.0018743978548152085771342944989052703431]

            sage: E.eval_modular_form(2.1+I, 100) # abs tol 1e-20
            [0.00150864362757267079 + 0.00109100341113449845*I]
        """
        if not isinstance(points, list):
            try:
                points = list(points)
            except TypeError:
                return self.eval_modular_form([points], order)
        an = self.pari_mincurve().ellan(order)
        s = 0
        c = pari('2 * Pi * I')
        ans = []
        for z in points:
            s = pari(0)
            r0 = (c * z).exp()
            r = r0
            for n in range(1, order + 1):
                s += an[n - 1] * r
                r *= r0
            ans.append(s.sage())
        return ans

    ########################################################################
    # The Tate-Shafarevich group
    ########################################################################

    def sha(self):
        """
        Return an object of class
        'sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.sha_tate.Sha' attached to this
        elliptic curve.

        This can be used in functions related to bounding the order of Sha
        (The Tate-Shafarevich group of the curve).

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a1')
            sage: S=E.sha()
            sage: S
            Tate-Shafarevich group for the Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 - x over Rational Field
            sage: S.bound_kolyvagin()
            ([2], 1)
        """
        try:
            return self.__sha
        except AttributeError:
            from .sha_tate import Sha
            self.__sha = Sha(self)
            return self.__sha

    #################################################################################
    # Functions related to Heegner points#################################################################################
    heegner_point = heegner.ell_heegner_point
    kolyvagin_point = heegner.kolyvagin_point

    heegner_discriminants = heegner.ell_heegner_discriminants
    heegner_discriminants_list = heegner.ell_heegner_discriminants_list
    satisfies_heegner_hypothesis = heegner.satisfies_heegner_hypothesis

    heegner_point_height = heegner.heegner_point_height

    heegner_index = heegner.heegner_index
    _adjust_heegner_index = heegner._adjust_heegner_index
    heegner_index_bound = heegner.heegner_index_bound
    _heegner_index_in_EK = heegner._heegner_index_in_EK

    heegner_sha_an = heegner.heegner_sha_an

    _heegner_forms_list = heegner._heegner_forms_list
    _heegner_best_tau = heegner._heegner_best_tau

    #################################################################################
    # p-adic functions
    #################################################################################

    padic_regulator = padics.padic_regulator

    padic_height_pairing_matrix = padics.padic_height_pairing_matrix

    padic_height = padics.padic_height
    padic_height_via_multiply = padics.padic_height_via_multiply

    padic_sigma = padics.padic_sigma
    padic_sigma_truncated = padics.padic_sigma_truncated

    padic_E2 = padics.padic_E2

    matrix_of_frobenius = padics.matrix_of_frobenius

    def mod5family(self):
        """
        Return the family of all elliptic curves with the same mod-5
        representation as self.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('32a1')
            sage: E.mod5family()
            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2  = x^3 + 4*x over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field
        """
        E = self.short_weierstrass_model()
        a = E.a4()
        b = E.a6()
        return mod5family.mod5family(a,b)

    def tate_curve(self, p):
        r"""
        Create the Tate curve over the `p`-adics associated to
        this elliptic curve.

        This Tate curve is a `p`-adic curve with split multiplicative
        reduction of the form `y^2+xy=x^3+s_4 x+s_6` which is
        isomorphic to the given curve over the algebraic closure of
        `\QQ_p`. Its points over `\QQ_p`
        are isomorphic to `\QQ_p^{\times}/q^{\ZZ}`
        for a certain parameter `q \in \ZZ_p`.

        INPUT:

        - `p` -- a prime where the curve has split multiplicative
          reduction

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: e = EllipticCurve('130a1')
            sage: e.tate_curve(2)
            2-adic Tate curve associated to the Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - 33*x + 68 over Rational Field

        The input curve must have multiplicative reduction at the prime.

        ::

            sage: e.tate_curve(3)
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            ValueError: The elliptic curve must have multiplicative reduction at 3

        We compute with `p=5`::

            sage: T = e.tate_curve(5); T
            5-adic Tate curve associated to the Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 - 33*x + 68 over Rational Field

        We find the Tate parameter `q`::

            sage: T.parameter(prec=5)
            3*5^3 + 3*5^4 + 2*5^5 + 2*5^6 + 3*5^7 + O(5^8)

        We compute the `\mathcal{L}`-invariant of the curve::

            sage: T.L_invariant(prec=10)
            5^3 + 4*5^4 + 2*5^5 + 2*5^6 + 2*5^7 + 3*5^8 + 5^9 + O(5^10)
        """
        try:
            return self._tate_curve[p]
        except AttributeError:
            self._tate_curve = {}
        except KeyError:
            pass

        Eq = ell_tate_curve.TateCurve(self, p)
        self._tate_curve[p] = Eq
        return Eq

    def height(self, precision=None):
        """
        Return the real height of this elliptic curve. This is used in
        integral_points()

        INPUT:


        -  ``precision`` - desired real precision of the result
           (default real precision if None)


        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('5077a1')
            sage: E.height()
            17.4513334798896
            sage: E.height(100)
            17.451333479889612702508579399
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,1])
            sage: E.height()
            1.38629436111989
            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,1,0])
            sage: E.height()
            7.45471994936400
        """
        if precision is None:
            precision = RealField().precision()
        R = RealField(precision)
        c4 = self.c4()
        c6 = self.c6()
        j = self.j_invariant()
        log_g2 = R((c4/12)).abs().log()
        log_g3 = R((c6/216)).abs().log()

        if j == 0:
            h_j = R(1)
        else:
            h_j = max(log(R(abs(j.numerator()))), log(R(abs(j.denominator()))))
        if (self.c4() != 0) and (self.c6() != 0):
            h_gs = max(1, log_g2, log_g3)
        elif c4 == 0:
            if c6 == 0:
                return max(1,h_j)
            h_gs = max(1, log_g3)
        else:
            h_gs = max(1, log_g2)
        return max(R(1),h_j, h_gs)

    def antilogarithm(self, z, max_denominator=None):
        r"""
        Return the rational point (if any) associated to this complex
        number; the inverse of the elliptic logarithm function.

        INPUT:

        -  ``z`` -- a complex number representing an element of
           `\CC/L` where `L` is the period lattice of the elliptic curve

        - ``max_denominator`` (int or None) -- parameter controlling
          the attempted conversion of real numbers to rationals.  If
          None, ``simplest_rational()`` will be used; otherwise,
          ``nearby_rational()`` will be used with this value of
          ``max_denominator``.

        OUTPUT:

        - point on the curve: the rational point which is the
          image of `z` under the Weierstrass parametrization, if it
          exists and can be determined from `z` and the given value
          of max_denominator (if any); otherwise a ValueError exception
          is raised.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
            sage: P = E(-1,1)
            sage: z = P.elliptic_logarithm()
            sage: E.antilogarithm(z)
            (-1 : 1 : 1)
            sage: Q = E(0,-1)
            sage: z = Q.elliptic_logarithm()
            sage: E.antilogarithm(z)
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            ValueError: approximated point not on the curve
            sage: E.antilogarithm(z, max_denominator=10)
            (0 : -1 : 1)

            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a1')
            sage: w1,w2 = E.period_lattice().basis()
            sage: [E.antilogarithm(a*w1/5,1) for a in range(5)]
            [(0 : 1 : 0), (16 : -61 : 1), (5 : -6 : 1), (5 : 5 : 1), (16 : 60 : 1)]
        """
        if z.is_zero():
            return self(0)
        expZ = self.elliptic_exponential(z)
        xy = [t.real() for t in expZ[:2]]
        if max_denominator is None:
            xy = [t.simplest_rational() for t in xy]
        else:
            xy = [t.nearby_rational(max_denominator=max_denominator) for t in xy]
        try:
            return self(xy)
        except TypeError:
            raise ValueError("approximated point not on the curve")

    def integral_x_coords_in_interval(self,xmin,xmax):
        r"""
        Return the set of integers `x` with `xmin\le x\le xmax` which are
        `x`-coordinates of rational points on this curve.

        INPUT:

        - ``xmin``, ``xmax`` (integers) -- two integers.

        OUTPUT:

        (set) The set of integers `x` with `xmin\le x\le xmax` which
        are `x`-coordinates of rational points on the elliptic curve.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 1, -7, 6])
            sage: xset = E.integral_x_coords_in_interval(-100,100)
            sage: sorted(xset)
            [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, 14, 21, 37, 52, 93]
            sage: xset = E.integral_x_coords_in_interval(-100, 0)
            sage: sorted(xset)
            [-3, -2, -1, 0]

        TESTS:

        The bug reported on :trac:`22719` is now fixed::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve("141d1")
            sage: E.integral_points()
            [(0 : 0 : 1), (2 : 1 : 1)]
        """
        xmin = pari(xmin)
        xmax = pari(xmax)
        H = max(1, abs(xmin), abs(xmax))
        S = set()
        for pt in self.pari_curve().ellratpoints([H, 1]):
            x = pt[0]
            if xmin <= x <= xmax:
                S.add(ZZ(x))
        return S

    prove_BSD = BSD.prove_BSD

    def integral_points(self, mw_base='auto', both_signs=False, verbose=False):
        """
        Compute all integral points (up to sign) on this elliptic curve.

        INPUT:


        -  ``mw_base`` - list of EllipticCurvePoint generating
           the Mordell-Weil group of E (default: 'auto' - calls self.gens())

        -  ``both_signs`` - True/False (default False): if
           True the output contains both P and -P, otherwise only one of each
           pair.

        -  ``verbose`` - True/False (default False): if True,
           some details of the computation are output


        OUTPUT: A sorted list of all the integral points on E (up to sign
        unless both_signs is True)

        .. note::

           The complexity increases exponentially in the rank of curve
           E. The computation time (but not the output!) depends on
           the Mordell-Weil basis. If mw_base is given but is not a
           basis for the Mordell-Weil group (modulo torsion), integral
           points which are not in the subgroup generated by the given
           points will almost certainly not be listed.

        EXAMPLES: A curve of rank 3 with no torsion points

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,1,-7,6])
            sage: P1=E.point((2,0)); P2=E.point((-1,3)); P3=E.point((4,6))
            sage: a=E.integral_points([P1,P2,P3]); a
            [(-3 : 0 : 1), (-2 : 3 : 1), (-1 : 3 : 1), (0 : 2 : 1), (1 : 0 : 1), (2 : 0 : 1), (3 : 3 : 1), (4 : 6 : 1), (8 : 21 : 1), (11 : 35 : 1), (14 : 51 : 1), (21 : 95 : 1), (37 : 224 : 1), (52 : 374 : 1), (93 : 896 : 1), (342 : 6324 : 1), (406 : 8180 : 1), (816 : 23309 : 1)]

        ::

            sage: a = E.integral_points([P1,P2,P3], verbose=True)
            Using mw_basis  [(2 : 0 : 1), (3 : -4 : 1), (8 : -22 : 1)]
            e1,e2,e3:  -3.0124303725933... 1.0658205476962... 1.94660982489710
            Minimal and maximal eigenvalues of height pairing matrix: 0.637920814585005,2.31982967525725
            x-coords of points on compact component with  -3 <=x<= 1
            [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1]
            x-coords of points on non-compact component with  2 <=x<= 6
            [2, 3, 4]
            starting search of remaining points using coefficient bound 5 and |x| bound 1.53897183921009e25
            x-coords of extra integral points:
            [2, 3, 4, 8, 11, 14, 21, 37, 52, 93, 342, 406, 816]
            Total number of integral points: 18

        It is not necessary to specify mw_base; if it is not provided,
        then the Mordell-Weil basis must be computed, which may take
        much longer.

        ::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,1,-7,6])
            sage: a=E.integral_points(both_signs=True); a
            [(-3 : -1 : 1), (-3 : 0 : 1), (-2 : -4 : 1), (-2 : 3 : 1), (-1 : -4 : 1), (-1 : 3 : 1), (0 : -3 : 1), (0 : 2 : 1), (1 : -1 : 1), (1 : 0 : 1), (2 : -1 : 1), (2 : 0 : 1), (3 : -4 : 1), (3 : 3 : 1), (4 : -7 : 1), (4 : 6 : 1), (8 : -22 : 1), (8 : 21 : 1), (11 : -36 : 1), (11 : 35 : 1), (14 : -52 : 1), (14 : 51 : 1), (21 : -96 : 1), (21 : 95 : 1), (37 : -225 : 1), (37 : 224 : 1), (52 : -375 : 1), (52 : 374 : 1), (93 : -897 : 1), (93 : 896 : 1), (342 : -6325 : 1), (342 : 6324 : 1), (406 : -8181 : 1), (406 : 8180 : 1), (816 : -23310 : 1), (816 : 23309 : 1)]

        An example with negative discriminant::

            sage: EllipticCurve('900d1').integral_points()
            [(-11 : 27 : 1), (-4 : 34 : 1), (4 : 18 : 1), (16 : 54 : 1)]

        Another example with rank 5 and no torsion points::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([-879984,319138704])
            sage: P1=E.point((540,1188)); P2=E.point((576,1836))
            sage: P3=E.point((468,3132)); P4=E.point((612,3132))
            sage: P5=E.point((432,4428))
            sage: a=E.integral_points([P1,P2,P3,P4,P5]); len(a)  # long time (18s on sage.math, 2011)
            54

        TESTS:

        The bug reported on :trac:`4525` is now fixed::

            sage: EllipticCurve('91b1').integral_points()
            [(-1 : 3 : 1), (1 : 0 : 1), (3 : 4 : 1)]

        ::

            sage: [len(e.integral_points(both_signs=False)) for e in cremona_curves([11..100])]  # long time (15s on sage.math, 2011)
            [2, 0, 2, 3, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 2, 4, 3, 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1, 4, 2, 3, 2, 0, 0, 5, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 3, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 3, 6, 1, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 3, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 0, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1, 5, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 2, 1, 0, 0, 5, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 1, 5, 1, 2, 4, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 4, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 4, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 6, 2, 1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 6, 2, 0, 4, 2, 2, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 2, 1, 4, 6, 3, 2, 1, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 5, 4, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 4, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 4, 3, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 6, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 7, 3, 0, 1, 3, 2, 1, 0, 3, 2, 1, 0, 2, 2, 6, 0, 0, 6, 2, 2, 3, 3, 5, 5, 1, 0, 6, 1, 0, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 5, 5, 2, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]

        The bug reported at :trac:`4897` is now fixed::

            sage: [P[0] for P in EllipticCurve([0,0,0,-468,2592]).integral_points()]
            [-24, -18, -14, -6, -3, 4, 6, 18, 21, 24, 36, 46, 102, 168, 186, 381, 1476, 2034, 67246]


        See :trac:`22063`::

            sage: for n in [67,71,74,91]:
            ....:     assert 4*n^6+4*n^2 in [P[0] for P in EllipticCurve([0,0,0,2,n^2]).integral_points()]


        .. NOTE::

           This function uses the algorithm given in [Coh2007I]_.

        AUTHORS:

        - Michael Mardaus (2008-07)

        - Tobias Nagel (2008-07)

        - John Cremona (2008-07)
        """
        #####################################################################
        # INPUT CHECK #######################################################
        if not self.is_integral():
            raise ValueError("integral_points() can only be called on an integral model")

        if mw_base == 'auto':
            try:
                mw_base = self.gens()
            except RuntimeError:
                raise RuntimeError("Unable to compute Mordell-Weil basis of {}, hence unable to compute integral points.".format(self))
            r = len(mw_base)
        else:
            try:
                r = len(mw_base)
            except TypeError:
                raise TypeError('mw_base must be a list')
            if not all(P.curve() is self for P in mw_base):
                raise ValueError("points are not on the correct curve")

        tors_points = self.torsion_points()

        # END INPUT-CHECK####################################################
        #####################################################################

        #####################################################################
        # INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ################################################

        ############################## begin ################################
        def point_preprocessing(free,tor):
            r"""
            Transforms the mw_basis ``free`` into a `\ZZ`-basis for
            `E(\QQ)\cap E^0(`\RR)`. If there is a torsion point on the
            "egg" we add it to any of the gens on the egg; otherwise
            we replace the free generators with generators of a
            subgroup of index 2.
            """
            r = len(free)
            newfree = [Q for Q in free] # copy
            tor_egg = [T for T in tor if not T.is_on_identity_component()]
            free_id = [P.is_on_identity_component() for P in free]
            if any(tor_egg):
                T = tor_egg[0]
                for i in range(r):
                    if not free_id[i]:
                        newfree[i] += T
            else:
                if not all(free_id):
                    i0 = free_id.index(False)
                    P = free[i0]
                    for i in range(r):
                        if not free_id[i]:
                            if i==i0:
                                newfree[i] = 2*newfree[i]
                            else:
                                newfree[i] += P
            return newfree
        ##############################  end  ################################

        # END Internal functions #############################################
        ######################################################################

        if (r == 0):
            int_points = [P for P in tors_points if not P.is_zero()]
            int_points = [P for P in int_points if P[0].is_integral()]
            if not both_signs:
                xlist = set([P[0] for P in int_points])
                int_points = [self.lift_x(x) for x in xlist]
            int_points.sort()
            if verbose:
                print('Total number of integral points:', len(int_points))
            return int_points

        if verbose:
            import sys  # so we can flush stdout for debugging

        disc = self.discriminant()
        j = self.j_invariant()
        b2 = self.b2()

        Qx = rings.PolynomialRing(RationalField(),'x')
        pol = Qx([-self.c6()/216,-self.c4()/12,0,4])
        if disc > 0: # two real component -> 3 roots in RR
            #on curve 897e4, only one root is found with default precision!
            RR = R
            prec = RR.precision()
            ei = pol.roots(RR,multiplicities=False)
            while len(ei)<3:
                prec*=2
                RR=RealField(prec)
                ei = pol.roots(RR,multiplicities=False)
            e1,e2,e3 = ei
            if r >= 1: #preprocessing of mw_base only necessary if rank > 0
                mw_base = point_preprocessing(mw_base, tors_points)
                  #at most one point in E^{egg}

        elif disc < 0: # one real component => 1 root in RR (=: e3),
                       # 2 roots in C (e1,e2)
            roots = pol.roots(C,multiplicities=False)
            e3 = pol.roots(R,multiplicities=False)[0]
            roots.remove(e3)
            e1,e2 = roots

        from sage.all import pi
        e = R(1).exp()
        pi = R(pi)

        M = self.height_pairing_matrix(mw_base)
        mw_base, U = self.lll_reduce(mw_base,M)
        M = U.transpose()*M*U

        if verbose:
            print("Using mw_basis ", mw_base)
            print("e1,e2,e3: ", e1, e2, e3)
            sys.stdout.flush()

        # Algorithm presented in [Coh2007I]
        h_E = self.height()
        w1, w2 = self.period_lattice().basis()
        mu = R(disc).abs().log() / 6
        if j!=0:
            mu += max(R(1),R(j).abs().log()) / 6
        if b2!=0:
            mu += max(R(1),R(b2).abs().log())
            mu += log(R(2))
        else:
            mu += 1

        c1 = (mu + 2.14).exp()
        height_pairing_eigs = M.charpoly().roots(multiplicities=False)
        c2 = min(height_pairing_eigs)
        max_eig = max(height_pairing_eigs)
        if verbose:
            print("Minimal and maximal eigenvalues of height pairing matrix: {},{}".format(c2, max_eig))
            sys.stdout.flush()

        c3 = (w1**2)*R(b2).abs()/48 + 8
        c5 = (c1*c3).sqrt()
        c7 = abs((3*pi)/((w1**2) * (w1/w2).imag()))

        mw_base_log = [] #contains \Phi(Q_i)
        mod_h_list = []  #contains h_m(Q_i)
        c9_help_list = []
        for i in range(r):
            mw_base_log.append(mw_base[i].elliptic_logarithm().abs())
            mod_h_list.append(max(mw_base[i].height(),h_E,c7*mw_base_log[i]**2))
            c9_help_list.append((mod_h_list[i]).sqrt()/mw_base_log[i])
        c9 = e/c7.sqrt() * min(c9_help_list)
        n=r+1
        c10 = R(2 * 10**(8+7*n) * R((2/e)**(2 * n**2)) * (n+1)**(4 * n**2 + 10 * n) * log(c9)**(-2*n - 1) * misc.prod(mod_h_list))

        top = Z(128) #arbitrary first upper bound
        bottom = Z(0)
        log_c9=log(c9); log_c5=log(c5)
        log_r_top = log(R(r*(10**top)))

        while R(c10*(log_r_top+log_c9)*(log(log_r_top)+h_E+log_c9)**(n+1)) > R(c2/2 * (10**top)**2 - log_c5):
            #initial bound 'top' too small, upshift of search interval
            bottom = top
            top = 2*top
        while top >= bottom: #binary-search like search for fitting exponent (bound)
            bound = (bottom + (top - bottom)/2).floor()
            log_r_bound = log(R(r*(10**bound)))
            if R(c10*(log_r_bound+log_c9)*(log(log_r_bound)+h_E+log_c9)**(n+1)) > R(c2/2 * (10**bound)**2 - log_c5):
                bottom = bound + 1
            else:
                top = bound - 1

        H_q = R(10)**bound
        break_cond = 0 #at least one reduction step
        #reduction via LLL
        M = matrix.MatrixSpace(Z,n)
        while break_cond < 0.9: #as long as the improvement of the new bound in comparison to the old is greater than 10%
            c = R((H_q**n)*10)  #c has to be greater than H_q^n
            m = copy(M.identity_matrix())
            for i in range(r):
                m[i, r] = R(c*mw_base_log[i]).round()
            m[r,r] = max(Z(1),R(c*w1).round()) #ensures that m isn't singular

            #LLL - implemented in sage - operates on rows not on columns
            m_LLL = m.LLL()
            m_gram = m_LLL.gram_schmidt()[0]
            b1_norm = R(m_LLL.row(0).norm())

            #compute constant c1 ~ c1_LLL of Corollary 2.3.17 and hence d(L,0)^2 ~ d_L_0
            c1_LLL = -R.one()
            for i in range(n):
                tmp = R(b1_norm/(m_gram.row(i).norm()))
                if tmp > c1_LLL:
                    c1_LLL = tmp

            if c1_LLL < 0:
                raise RuntimeError('Unexpected intermediate result. Please try another Mordell-Weil base')

            d_L_0 = R(b1_norm**2 / c1_LLL)

            #Reducing of upper bound
            Q = r * H_q**2
            T = (1 + (Z(3)/2*r*H_q))/2
            if d_L_0 < R(T**2+Q):
                d_L_0 = 10*(T**2*Q)
            low_bound = (R(d_L_0 - Q).sqrt() - T) / c

            #new bound according to low_bound and upper bound
            #[c_5 exp((-c_2*H_q^2)/2)] provided by Corollary 8.7.3
            if low_bound != 0:
                H_q_new = R((log(low_bound/c5)/(-c2/2))).sqrt()
                H_q_new = H_q_new.ceil()
                if H_q_new == 1:
                    break_cond = 1 # stops reduction
                else:
                    break_cond = R(H_q_new/H_q)
                H_q = H_q_new
            else:
                break_cond = 1 # stops reduction, so using last H_q > 0
            #END LLL-Reduction loop

        b2_12 = b2/12
        if disc > 0:
            ##Points in egg have X(P) between e1 and e2 [X(P)=x(P)+b2/12]:
            x_int_points = self.integral_x_coords_in_interval((e1-b2_12).ceil(), (e2-b2_12).floor())
            if verbose:
                print('x-coords of points on compact component with ',(e1-b2_12).ceil(),'<=x<=',(e2-b2_12).floor())
                L = sorted(x_int_points) # to have the order
                print(L)
                sys.stdout.flush()
        else:
            x_int_points = set()

        ##Points in noncompact component with X(P)< 2*max(|e1|,|e2|,|e3|) , espec. X(P)>=e3
        x0 = (e3-b2_12).ceil()
        x1 = (2*max(abs(e1),abs(e2),abs(e3)) - b2_12).ceil()
        x_int_points2 = self.integral_x_coords_in_interval(x0, x1)
        x_int_points = x_int_points.union(x_int_points2)
        if verbose:
            print('x-coords of points on non-compact component with ',x0,'<=x<=',x1-1)
            L = sorted(x_int_points2)
            print(L)
            sys.stdout.flush()

        # The CPS bound is better but only implemented for minimal models:
        try:
            ht_diff_bnd = self.CPS_height_bound()
        except RuntimeError:
            ht_diff_bnd = self.silverman_height_bound()
        x_bound = (ht_diff_bnd+max_eig*H_q**2).exp()
        if verbose:
            print('starting search of remaining points using coefficient bound {} and |x| bound {}'.format(H_q,x_bound))
            sys.stdout.flush()
        x_int_points3 = integral_points_with_bounded_mw_coeffs(self,mw_base,H_q,x_bound)
        x_int_points = x_int_points.union(x_int_points3)
        if verbose:
            print('x-coords of extra integral points:')
            L = sorted(x_int_points3)
            print(L)
            sys.stdout.flush()

        if len(tors_points)>1:
            x_int_points_t = set()
            for x in x_int_points:
                P = self.lift_x(x)
                for T in tors_points:
                    Q = P+T
                    if not Q.is_zero() and Q[0].is_integral():
                        x_int_points_t = x_int_points_t.union([Q[0]])
            x_int_points = x_int_points.union(x_int_points_t)

        # Now we have all the x-coordinates of integral points, and we
        # construct the points, depending on the parameter both_signs:
        if both_signs:
            int_points = sum([self.lift_x(x,all=True) for x in x_int_points],[])
        else:
            int_points = [self.lift_x(x) for x in x_int_points]
        int_points.sort()
        if verbose:
            print('Total number of integral points:',len(int_points))
        return int_points

    def S_integral_points(self, S, mw_base='auto', both_signs=False, verbose=False, proof=None):
        """
        Compute all S-integral points (up to sign) on this elliptic curve.

        INPUT:

        - ``S`` -  list of primes

        - ``mw_base`` - list of EllipticCurvePoint generating the
          Mordell-Weil group of E (default: 'auto' - calls
          :meth:`.gens`)

        - ``both_signs`` - True/False (default False): if True the
          output contains both P and -P, otherwise only one of each
          pair.

        - ``verbose`` - True/False (default False): if True, some
          details of the computation are output.

        - ``proof`` - True/False (default True): if True ALL
          S-integral points will be returned.  If False, the MW basis
          will be computed with the proof=False flag, and also the
          time-consuming final call to
          S_integral_x_coords_with_abs_bounded_by(abs_bound) is
          omitted.  Use this only if the computation takes too long,
          but be warned that then it cannot be guaranteed that all
          S-integral points will be found.

        OUTPUT:

        A sorted list of all the S-integral points on E (up to sign
        unless both_signs is True)

        .. note::

           The complexity increases exponentially in the rank of curve
           E and in the length of S.  The computation time (but not
           the output!) depends on the Mordell-Weil basis.  If mw_base
           is given but is not a basis for the Mordell-Weil group
           (modulo torsion), S-integral points which are not in the
           subgroup generated by the given points will almost
           certainly not be listed.

        EXAMPLES:

        A curve of rank 3 with no torsion points::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,1,-7,6])
            sage: P1 = E.point((2,0))
            sage: P2 = E.point((-1,3))
            sage: P3 = E.point((4,6))
            sage: a = E.S_integral_points(S=[2,3], mw_base=[P1,P2,P3], verbose=True);a
            max_S: 3 len_S: 3 len_tors: 1
            lambda 0.485997517468...
            k1,k2,k3,k4 7.65200453902598e234 1.31952866480763 3.54035317966420e9 2.42767548272846e17
            p= 2 : trying with p_prec =  30
            mw_base_p_log_val =  [2, 2, 1]
            min_psi =  2 + 2^3 + 2^6 + 2^7 + 2^8 + 2^9 + 2^11 + 2^12 + 2^13 + 2^16 + 2^17 + 2^19 + 2^20 + 2^21 + 2^23 + 2^24 + 2^28 + O(2^30)
            p= 3 : trying with p_prec =  30
            mw_base_p_log_val =  [1, 2, 1]
            min_psi =  3 + 3^2 + 2*3^3 + 3^6 + 2*3^7 + 2*3^8 + 3^9 + 2*3^11 + 2*3^12 + 2*3^13 + 3^15 + 2*3^16 + 3^18 + 2*3^19 + 2*3^22 + 2*3^23 + 2*3^24 + 2*3^27 + 3^28 + 3^29 + O(3^30)
            mw_base [(1 : -1 : 1), (2 : 0 : 1), (0 : -3 : 1)]
            mw_base_log [0.667789378224099, 0.552642660712417, 0.818477222895703]
            mp [5, 7]
            mw_base_p_log [[2^2 + 2^3 + 2^6 + 2^7 + 2^8 + 2^9 + 2^14 + 2^15 + 2^18 + 2^19 + 2^24 + 2^29 + O(2^30), 2^2 + 2^3 + 2^5 + 2^6 + 2^9 + 2^11 + 2^12 + 2^14 + 2^15 + 2^16 + 2^18 + 2^20 + 2^22 + 2^23 + 2^26 + 2^27 + 2^29 + O(2^30), 2 + 2^3 + 2^6 + 2^7 + 2^8 + 2^9 + 2^11 + 2^12 + 2^13 + 2^16 + 2^17 + 2^19 + 2^20 + 2^21 + 2^23 + 2^24 + 2^28 + O(2^30)], [2*3^2 + 2*3^5 + 2*3^6 + 2*3^7 + 3^8 + 3^9 + 2*3^10 + 3^12 + 2*3^14 + 3^15 + 3^17 + 2*3^19 + 2*3^23 + 3^25 + 3^28 + O(3^30), 2*3 + 2*3^2 + 2*3^3 + 2*3^4 + 2*3^6 + 2*3^7 + 2*3^8 + 3^10 + 2*3^12 + 3^13 + 2*3^14 + 3^15 + 3^18 + 3^22 + 3^25 + 2*3^26 + 3^27 + 3^28 + O(3^30), 3 + 3^2 + 2*3^3 + 3^6 + 2*3^7 + 2*3^8 + 3^9 + 2*3^11 + 2*3^12 + 2*3^13 + 3^15 + 2*3^16 + 3^18 + 2*3^19 + 2*3^22 + 2*3^23 + 2*3^24 + 2*3^27 + 3^28 + 3^29 + O(3^30)]]
            k5,k6,k7 0.321154513240... 1.55246328915... 0.161999172489...
            initial bound 2.8057927340...e117
            bound_list [58, 58, 58]
            bound_list [8, 9, 9]
            bound_list [9, 7, 7]
            starting search of points using coefficient bound  9
            x-coords of S-integral points via linear combination of mw_base and torsion:
            [-3, -26/9, -8159/2916, -2759/1024, -151/64, -1343/576, -2, -7/4, -1, -47/256, 0, 1/4, 4/9, 9/16, 58/81, 7/9, 6169/6561, 1, 17/16, 2, 33/16, 172/81, 9/4, 25/9, 3, 31/9, 4, 25/4, 1793/256, 8, 625/64, 11, 14, 21, 37, 52, 6142/81, 93, 4537/36, 342, 406, 816, 207331217/4096]
            starting search of extra S-integer points with absolute value bounded by 3.89321964979420
            x-coords of points with bounded absolute value
            [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2]
            Total number of S-integral points: 43
            [(-3 : 0 : 1), (-26/9 : 28/27 : 1), (-8159/2916 : 233461/157464 : 1), (-2759/1024 : 60819/32768 : 1), (-151/64 : 1333/512 : 1), (-1343/576 : 36575/13824 : 1), (-2 : 3 : 1), (-7/4 : 25/8 : 1), (-1 : 3 : 1), (-47/256 : 9191/4096 : 1), (0 : 2 : 1), (1/4 : 13/8 : 1), (4/9 : 35/27 : 1), (9/16 : 69/64 : 1), (58/81 : 559/729 : 1), (7/9 : 17/27 : 1), (6169/6561 : 109871/531441 : 1), (1 : 0 : 1), (17/16 : -25/64 : 1), (2 : 0 : 1), (33/16 : 17/64 : 1), (172/81 : 350/729 : 1), (9/4 : 7/8 : 1), (25/9 : 64/27 : 1), (3 : 3 : 1), (31/9 : 116/27 : 1), (4 : 6 : 1), (25/4 : 111/8 : 1), (1793/256 : 68991/4096 : 1), (8 : 21 : 1), (625/64 : 14839/512 : 1), (11 : 35 : 1), (14 : 51 : 1), (21 : 95 : 1), (37 : 224 : 1), (52 : 374 : 1), (6142/81 : 480700/729 : 1), (93 : 896 : 1), (4537/36 : 305425/216 : 1), (342 : 6324 : 1), (406 : 8180 : 1), (816 : 23309 : 1), (207331217/4096 : 2985362173625/262144 : 1)]

        It is not necessary to specify mw_base; if it is not provided,
        then the Mordell-Weil basis must be computed, which may take
        much longer.

        ::

            sage: a = E.S_integral_points([2,3])
            sage: len(a)
            43

        An example with negative discriminant::

            sage: EllipticCurve('900d1').S_integral_points([17], both_signs=True)
            [(-11 : -27 : 1), (-11 : 27 : 1), (-4 : -34 : 1), (-4 : 34 : 1), (4 : -18 : 1), (4 : 18 : 1), (2636/289 : -98786/4913 : 1), (2636/289 : 98786/4913 : 1), (16 : -54 : 1), (16 : 54 : 1)]

        Output checked with Magma (corrected in 3 cases)::

            sage: [len(e.S_integral_points([2], both_signs=False)) for e in cremona_curves([11..100])] # long time (17s on sage.math, 2011)
            [2, 0, 2, 3, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 5, 3, 5, 4, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1, 5, 3, 4, 2, 1, 1, 5, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 3, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 3, 7, 1, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1, 7, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 3, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 3, 2, 1, 1, 6, 1, 0, 1, 3, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 5, 1, 2, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 6, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 4, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2, 0, 8, 2, 0, 6, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 3, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 6, 9, 3, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 3, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 0, 6, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 2, 6, 3, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 7, 5, 4, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8, 5, 1, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 1, 1, 7, 3, 3, 4, 5, 9, 6, 1, 0, 7, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 7, 8, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]

        An example from [PZGH1999]_::

            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,-172,505])
            sage: E.rank(), len(E.S_integral_points([3,5,7]))  # long time (5s on sage.math, 2011)
            (4, 72)

        This is curve "7690e1" which failed until :trac:`4805` was fixed::

            sage: EllipticCurve([1,1,1,-301,-1821]).S_integral_points([13,2])
            [(-13 : 16 : 1),
            (-9 : 20 : 1),
            (-7 : 4 : 1),
            (21 : 30 : 1),
            (23 : 52 : 1),
            (63 : 452 : 1),
            (71 : 548 : 1),
            (87 : 756 : 1),
            (2711 : 139828 : 1),
            (7323 : 623052 : 1),
            (17687 : 2343476 : 1)]

        - Some parts of this implementation are partially based on the
          function integral_points()

        AUTHORS:

        - Tobias Nagel (2008-12)

        - Michael Mardaus (2008-12)

        - John Cremona (2008-12)
        """
        # INPUT CHECK #######################################################

        if proof is None:
            from sage.structure.proof.proof import get_flag
            proof = get_flag(proof, "elliptic_curve")
        else:
            proof = bool(proof)


        if not self.is_integral():
            raise ValueError("S_integral_points() can only be called on an integral model")
        if not all(self.is_p_minimal(s) for s in S):
            raise ValueError("%s must be p-minimal for all primes in S"%self)

        try:
            len_S = len(S)
            if len_S == 0:
                return self.integral_points(mw_base, both_signs, verbose)
            if not all(s.is_prime() for s in S):
                raise ValueError("All elements of S must be prime")
            S.sort()
        except TypeError:
            raise TypeError('S must be a list of primes')
        except AttributeError:#catches: <tuple>.sort(), <!ZZ>.is_prime()
            raise AttributeError('S must be a list of primes')

        if mw_base == 'auto':
            if verbose:
                print("Starting computation of MW basis")
            try:
                mw_base = self.gens(proof=proof)
            except RuntimeError:
                raise RuntimeError("Unable to compute Mordell-Weil basis of {}, hence unable to compute integral points.".format(self))
            r = len(mw_base)
            if verbose:
                print("Finished computation of MW basis; rank is ", r)
        else:
            try:
                r = len(mw_base)
            except TypeError:
                raise TypeError('mw_base must be a list')
            if not all(P.curve() is self for P in mw_base):
                raise ValueError("mw_base-points are not on the correct curve")

        #End Input-Check ######################################################

        #Internal functions ###################################################
        def reduction_at(p):
            r"""
            Reducing the bound `H_q` at the finite place p in S via LLL
            """
            indexp = S.index(p)
            pc = Z(p**(R(c.log()/log(p,e)).ceil()))
            m = copy(M.identity_matrix())
            for i in range(r):
                try:
                    m[i, r] = Z((beta[indexp][i])%pc)
                except ZeroDivisionError:  #If Inverse doesn't exist, change denominator (which is only approx)
                    val_nu = (beta[indexp][i]).numerator()
                    val_de = (beta[indexp][i]).denominator()
                    m[i, r] = Z((val_nu/(val_de+1))%pc)
            m[r,r] = max(Z(1), pc)

            #LLL - implemented in sage - operates on rows not on columns
            m_LLL = m.LLL()
            m_gram = m_LLL.gram_schmidt()[0]
            b1_norm = R(m_LLL.row(0).norm())

            c1_LLL = -R.one()
            for i in range(n):
                tmp = R(b1_norm/(m_gram.row(i).norm()))
                if tmp > c1_LLL:
                    c1_LLL = tmp
            if c1_LLL < 0:
                raise RuntimeError('Unexpected intermediate result. Please try another Mordell-Weil base')
            d_L_0 = R(b1_norm**2 / c1_LLL)

            #Reducing of upper bound
            Q = r * H_q**2
            T = (1 + (Z(3)/2*r*H_q))/2
            if d_L_0 < R(T**2+Q):
                d_L_0 = 10*(T**2*Q)
            low_bound = (R(d_L_0 - Q).sqrt() - T) / c

            ##new bound according to low_bound and upper bound
            ##[k5*k6 exp(-k7**H_q^2)]
            if low_bound != 0:
                H_q_infinity = R(((low_bound/(k6)).log()/(-k7)).sqrt())
                return (H_q_infinity.ceil())
            else:
                return (H_q)
    #<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
    #>-------------------------------------------------------------------------
        def S_integral_points_with_bounded_mw_coeffs():
            r"""
            Return the set of S-integers x which are x-coordinates of
            points on the curve which are linear combinations of the
            generators (basis and torsion points) with coefficients
            bounded by `H_q`.  The bound `H_q` will be computed at
            runtime.
            (Modified version of integral_points_with_bounded_mw_coeffs() in
             integral_points() )

            TODO: Make this more efficient.  In the case ``S=[]`` we
            worked over the reals and only computed a combination
            exactly if the real coordinates were approximately
            integral.  We need a version of this which works for
            S-integral points, probably by finding a bound on the
            denominator.
            """
            from sage.groups.generic import multiples
            xs=set()
            N=H_q

            def test(P):
                """
                Record x-coord of a point if S-integral.
                """
                if not P.is_zero():
                    xP = P[0]
                    if xP.is_S_integral(S):
                        xs.add(xP)

            def test_with_T(R):
                """
                Record x-coords of a 'point+torsion' if S-integral.
                """
                for T in tors_points:
                    test(R+T)

         # For small rank and small H_q perform simple search
            if r==1 and N<=10:
                for P in multiples(mw_base[0],N+1):
                    test_with_T(P)
                return xs

         # explicit computation and testing linear combinations
         # ni loops through all tuples (n_1,...,n_r) with |n_i| <= N
         # stops when (0,0,...,0) is reached because after that, only inverse points of
         # previously tested points would be tested

            E0=E(0)
            ni = [-N for i in range(r)]
            mw_baseN = [-N*P for P in mw_base]
            Pi = [0 for j in range(r)]
            Pi[0] = mw_baseN[0]
            for i in range(1,r):
                Pi[i] = Pi[i-1] + mw_baseN[i]

            while True:
                if all(n==0 for n in ni):
                    test_with_T(E0)
                    break

                # test the ni-combination which is Pi[r-1]
                test_with_T(Pi[r-1])

                # increment indices and stored points
                i0 = r-1
                while ni[i0]==N:
                    ni[i0] = -N
                    i0 -= 1
                ni[i0] += 1
                if all(n==0 for n in ni[0:i0+1]):
                    Pi[i0] = E0
                else:
                    Pi[i0] += mw_base[i0]
                for i in range(i0+1,r):
                    Pi[i] = Pi[i-1] + mw_baseN[i]

            return xs
    #<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
    #>-------------------------------------------------------------------------
        def S_integral_x_coords_with_abs_bounded_by(abs_bound):
            r"""
            Extra search of points with `|x|< ` abs_bound, assuming
            that `x` is `S`-integral and `|x|\ge|x|_q` for all primes
            `q` in `S`. (Such points are not covered by the main part
            of the code).  We know

            .. MATH::

               x=\frac{\xi}{\p_1^{\alpha_1} \cdot \dots \cdot \p_s^{\alpha_s}},\ (gcd(\xi,\p_i)=1),\ p_i \in S

            so a bound of `\alpha_i` can be found in terms of
            abs_bound. Additionally each `\alpha` must be even, giving
            another restriction.  This gives a finite list of
            denominators to test, and for each, a range of numerators.
            All candidates for `x` resulting from this theory are then
            tested, and a list of the ones which are `x`-coordinates
            of (`S`-integral) points is returned.

            TODO: Make this more efficient.  If we had an efficient
            function for searching for integral points (for example,
            by wrapping Stoll's ratpoint program) then it should be
            better to scale the equation by the maximum denominator
            and search for integral points on the scaled model.

            """
            x_min = min(self.two_division_polynomial().roots(R,multiplicities=False))
            x_min_neg = bool(x_min<0)
            x_min_pos = not x_min_neg
            log_ab = R(abs_bound.log())
            alpha = [(log_ab/R(log(p,e))).floor() for p in S]
            if all(alpha_i <= 1 for alpha_i in alpha): # so alpha_i must be 0 to satisfy that denominator is a square
                int_abs_bound = abs_bound.floor()
                return set(x for x in range(-int_abs_bound, int_abs_bound)
                           if E.is_x_coord(x))
            else:
                xs = []
                alpha_max_even = [y - y % 2 for y in alpha]
                p_pow_alpha = []
                list_alpha = []
                for i in range(len_S-1):
                    list_alpha.append(range(0,alpha_max_even[i]+2,2))
                    p_pow_alpha.append([S[i]**list_alpha[i][j] for j in range(len(list_alpha[i]))])
                if verbose:
                    print(list_alpha, p_pow_alpha)
                # denom_maxpa is a list of pairs (d,q) where d runs
                # through possible denominators, and q=p^a is the
                # maximum prime power divisor of d:
                denom_maxpa = [(misc.prod(tmp),max(tmp)) for tmp in cartesian_product_iterator(p_pow_alpha)]
#               The maximum denominator is this (not used):
#                denom = [misc.prod([pp[-1] for pp in p_pow_alpha],1)]
                for de,maxpa in denom_maxpa:
                    n_max = (abs_bound*de).ceil()
                    n_min = maxpa*de
                    if x_min_pos:
                        pos_n_only = True
                        if x_min > maxpa:
                            n_min = (x_min*de).floor()
                    else:
                        pos_n_only = False
                        neg_n_max = (x_min.abs()*de).ceil()

                    for n in arith.xsrange(n_min,n_max+1):
                        tmp = n/de  # to save time, do not check de is the exact denominator
                        if E.is_x_coord(tmp):
                            xs+=[tmp]
                        if not pos_n_only:
                            if n <= neg_n_max:
                                if E.is_x_coord(-tmp):
                                    xs+=[-tmp]

                return set(xs)
    #<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
        #End internal functions ###############################################
        from sage.misc.all import cartesian_product_iterator

        E = self
        tors_points = E.torsion_points()

        if (r==0):#only Torsionpoints to consider
            int_points = [P for P in tors_points if not P.is_zero()]
            int_points = [P for P in int_points if P[0].is_S_integral(S)]
            if not both_signs:
                xlist = set([P[0] for P in int_points])
                int_points = [E.lift_x(x) for x in xlist]
            int_points.sort()
            if verbose:
                print('Total number of S-integral points:', len(int_points))
            return int_points

        if verbose:
            import sys  # so we can flush stdout for debugging

        e = R(1).exp()
        a1, a2, a3, a4, a6 = E.a_invariants()
        b2, b4, b6, b8 = E.b_invariants()
        c4, c6 = E.c_invariants()
        disc = E.discriminant()
        #internal function is doing only a comparison of E and E.short_weierstass_model() so the following is easier
        if a1 == a2 == a3 == 0:
            is_short = True
        else:
            is_short = False

        w1, w2 = E.period_lattice().basis()

        Qx = rings.PolynomialRing(RationalField(),'x')
        pol = Qx([-54*c6,-27*c4,0,1])
        if disc > 0: # two real component -> 3 roots in RR
            # it is possible that only one root is found with default precision! (see integral_points())
            RR = R
            prec = RR.precision()
            ei = pol.roots(RR,multiplicities=False)
            while len(ei)<3:
                prec*=2
                RR=RealField(prec)
                ei = pol.roots(RR,multiplicities=False)
            e1,e2,e3 = ei
        elif disc < 0: # one real component => 1 root in RR (=: e3),
                       # 2 roots in C (e1,e2)
            roots = pol.roots(C,multiplicities=False)
            e3 = pol.roots(R,multiplicities=False)[0]
            roots.remove(e3)
            e1,e2 = roots

        len_tors = len(tors_points)
        n = r + 1

        M = E.height_pairing_matrix(mw_base)
        mw_base, U = E.lll_reduce(mw_base,M)
        M = U.transpose()*M*U

        # NB "lambda" is a reserved word in Python!
        lamda = min(M.charpoly(algorithm="hessenberg").roots(multiplicities = False))
        max_S = max(S)
        len_S += 1 #Counting infinity (always "included" in S)
        if verbose:
            print('max_S:',max_S,'len_S:',len_S,'len_tors:',len_tors)
            print('lambda', lamda)
            sys.stdout.flush()

        if is_short:
            disc_0_abs = R((4*a4**3 + 27*a6**2).abs())
            k4 = R(10**4 * max(16*a4**2, 256*disc_0_abs.sqrt()**3))
            k3 = R(32/3 * disc_0_abs.sqrt() * (8 + 0.5*disc_0_abs.log())**4)
        else:
            disc_sh = R(E.short_weierstrass_model().discriminant()) #computes y^2=x^3 -27c4x -54c6
            k4 = R(20**4 * max(3**6 * c4**2, 16*(disc_sh.abs().sqrt())**3))
            k3 = R(32/3 * disc_sh.abs().sqrt() * (8 + 0.5*disc_sh.abs().log())**4)


        k2 = max(R(b2.abs()), R(b4.abs().sqrt()), R(b6.abs()**(1/3)), R(b8.abs()**(1/4))).log()
        k1 = R(7 * 10**(38*len_S+49)) * R(len_S**(20*len_S+15)) * max_S**24 * R(max(1,log(max_S, e))**(4*len_S - 2)) * k3 * k3.log()**2 * ((20*len_S - 19)*k3 + (e*k4).log()) + 2*R(2*b2.abs()+6).log()

        if verbose:
            print('k1,k2,k3,k4', k1, k2, k3, k4)
            sys.stdout.flush()
        #H_q -> [PZGH]:N_0 (due to consistency to integral_points())
        H_q = R(((k1/2+k2)/lamda).sqrt())

        #computation of logs
        mw_base_log = [(pts.elliptic_logarithm().abs())*(len_tors/w1) for pts in mw_base]
        mw_base_p_log = []
        beta = []
        mp=[]
        tmp = 0
        for p in S:
            Np = E.Np(p)
            cp = E.tamagawa_exponent(p)
            mp_temp = Z(len_tors).lcm(cp*Np)
            mp.append(mp_temp) #only necessary because of verbose below
            p_prec=30+E.discriminant().valuation(p)
            p_prec_ok=False
            while not p_prec_ok:
                if verbose:
                    print("p=", p, ": trying with p_prec = ", p_prec)
                try:
                    mw_base_p_log.append([mp_temp*(pts.padic_elliptic_logarithm(p,absprec=p_prec)) for pts in mw_base])
                    p_prec_ok=True
                except ValueError:
                    p_prec *= 2
            #reorder mw_base_p: last value has minimal valuation at p
            mw_base_p_log_val = [mw_base_p_log[tmp][i].valuation() for i in range(r)]
            if verbose:
                print("mw_base_p_log_val = ",mw_base_p_log_val)
            min_index = mw_base_p_log_val.index(min(mw_base_p_log_val))
            min_psi = mw_base_p_log[tmp][min_index]
            if verbose:
                print("min_psi = ", min_psi)
            mw_base_p_log[tmp].remove(min_psi)
            mw_base_p_log[tmp].append(min_psi)
            #beta needed for reduction at p later on
            try:
                beta.append([-mw_base_p_log[tmp][j]/min_psi for j in range(r)])
            except ValueError:
                # e.g. mw_base_p_log[tmp]==[0]:  can occur e.g. [?]'172c6, S=[2]
                beta.append([0] for j in range(r))
            tmp +=1

        if verbose:
            print('mw_base', mw_base)
            print('mw_base_log', mw_base_log)
            print('mp', mp)
            print('mw_base_p_log', mw_base_p_log)
            sys.stdout.flush()

        #constants in reduction (not needed to be computed every reduction step)
        k5 = R((2*len_tors)/(3*w1))
        k6 = R((k2/len_S).exp())
        k7 = R(lamda/len_S)

        if verbose:
            print('k5,k6,k7', k5, k6, k7)
            sys.stdout.flush()

        break_cond = 0
        M = matrix.MatrixSpace(Z,n)
   #Reduction of initial bound
        if verbose:
            print('initial bound', H_q)
            sys.stdout.flush()

        while break_cond < 0.9:
         #reduction at infinity
            bound_list=[]
            c = R((H_q**n)*100)
            m = copy(M.identity_matrix())
            for i in range(r):
                m[i, r] = R(c*mw_base_log[i]).round()
            m[r,r] = max(Z(1), R(c*w1).round())
            #LLL - implemented in sage - operates on rows not on columns
            m_LLL = m.LLL()
            m_gram = m_LLL.gram_schmidt()[0]
            b1_norm = R(m_LLL.row(0).norm())

            #compute constant c1_LLL (cf. integral_points())
            c1_LLL = -R.one()
            for i in range(n):
                tmp = R(b1_norm/(m_gram.row(i).norm()))
                if tmp > c1_LLL:
                    c1_LLL = tmp
            if c1_LLL < 0:
                raise RuntimeError('Unexpected intermediate result. Please try another Mordell-Weil base')
            d_L_0 = R(b1_norm**2 / c1_LLL)

            #Reducing of upper bound
            Q = r * H_q**2
            T = (1 + (Z(3)/2*r*H_q))/2
            if d_L_0 < R(T**2+Q):
                d_L_0 = 10*(T**2*Q)
            low_bound = (R(d_L_0 - Q).sqrt() - T) / c

            ##new bound according to low_bound and upper bound
            ##[k5*k6 exp(-k7**H_q^2)]
            if low_bound != 0:
                H_q_infinity = R(((low_bound/(k5*k6)).log()/(-k7)).abs().sqrt())
                bound_list.append(H_q_infinity.ceil())
            else:
                bound_list.append(H_q)

         ##reduction for finite places in S
            for p in S:
                bound_list.append(reduction_at(p))

            if verbose:
                print('bound_list', bound_list)
                sys.stdout.flush()

            H_q_new = max(bound_list)
            if (H_q_new > H_q): #no improvement
                break_cond = 1 #stop reduction
            elif (H_q_new == 1): #best possible H_q
                H_q = H_q_new
                break_cond = 1 #stop
            else:
                break_cond = R(H_q_new/H_q)
                H_q = H_q_new
    #end of reductions

    #search of S-integral points
        #step1: via linear combination and H_q
        x_S_int_points = set()
        if verbose:
            print('starting search of points using coefficient bound ', H_q)
            sys.stdout.flush()
        x_S_int_points1 = S_integral_points_with_bounded_mw_coeffs()
        x_S_int_points = x_S_int_points.union(x_S_int_points1)
        if verbose:
            print('x-coords of S-integral points via linear combination of mw_base and torsion:')
            L = sorted(x_S_int_points1)
            print(L)
            sys.stdout.flush()

        #step 2: Extra search
        if e3 < 0:
            M = R( max((27*c4).abs().sqrt(), R((54*c6).abs()**(1/3)) / R(2**(1/3))-1) )
        else:
            M = R(0)
        e0 = max(e1+e2, 2*e3) + M
        abs_bound = R((max(0,e0)+6*b2.abs())/36)

        if proof:
            if verbose:
                print('starting search of extra S-integer points with absolute value bounded by', abs_bound)
                sys.stdout.flush()
            if abs_bound != 0:
                x_S_int_points2 = S_integral_x_coords_with_abs_bounded_by(abs_bound)
                x_S_int_points = x_S_int_points.union(x_S_int_points2)
                if verbose:
                    print('x-coords of points with bounded absolute value')
                    L = sorted(x_S_int_points2)
                    print(L)
                    sys.stdout.flush()

        if len(tors_points)>1:
            x_S_int_points_t = set()
            for x in x_S_int_points:
                P = E.lift_x(x)
                for T in tors_points:
                    Q = P+T
                    if not Q.is_zero() and Q[0].is_S_integral(S):
                        x_S_int_points_t = x_S_int_points_t.union([Q[0]])
            x_S_int_points = x_S_int_points.union(x_S_int_points_t)

        # All x values collected, now considering "both_signs"
        if both_signs:
            S_int_points = sum([self.lift_x(x,all=True) for x in x_S_int_points],[])
        else:
            S_int_points = [self.lift_x(x) for x in x_S_int_points]
        S_int_points.sort()
        if verbose:
            print('Total number of S-integral points:', len(S_int_points))
        return S_int_points


def cremona_curves(conductors):
    """
    Return iterator over all known curves (in database) with conductor
    in the list of conductors.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: [(E.label(), E.rank()) for E in cremona_curves(srange(35,40))]
        [('35a1', 0),
        ('35a2', 0),
        ('35a3', 0),
        ('36a1', 0),
        ('36a2', 0),
        ('36a3', 0),
        ('36a4', 0),
        ('37a1', 1),
        ('37b1', 0),
        ('37b2', 0),
        ('37b3', 0),
        ('38a1', 0),
        ('38a2', 0),
        ('38a3', 0),
        ('38b1', 0),
        ('38b2', 0),
        ('39a1', 0),
        ('39a2', 0),
        ('39a3', 0),
        ('39a4', 0)]
    """
    if isinstance(conductors, integer_types + (rings.RingElement,)):
        conductors = [conductors]
    return sage.databases.cremona.CremonaDatabase().iter(conductors)

def cremona_optimal_curves(conductors):
    """
    Return iterator over all known optimal curves (in database) with
    conductor in the list of conductors.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: [(E.label(), E.rank()) for E in cremona_optimal_curves(srange(35,40))]
        [('35a1', 0),
        ('36a1', 0),
        ('37a1', 1),
        ('37b1', 0),
        ('38a1', 0),
        ('38b1', 0),
        ('39a1', 0)]

    There is one case -- 990h3 -- when the optimal curve isn't labeled with a 1::

        sage: [e.cremona_label() for e in cremona_optimal_curves([990])]
        ['990a1', '990b1', '990c1', '990d1', '990e1', '990f1', '990g1', '990h3', '990i1', '990j1', '990k1', '990l1']

    """
    if isinstance(conductors, integer_types + (rings.RingElement,)):
        conductors = [conductors]
    return sage.databases.cremona.CremonaDatabase().iter_optimal(conductors)

def integral_points_with_bounded_mw_coeffs(E, mw_base, N, x_bound):
    r"""
    Return the set of integers `x` which are
    `x`-coordinates of points on the curve `E` which
    are linear combinations of the generators (basis and torsion
    points) with coefficients bounded by `N`.

    INPUT:

    - ``E`` -  an elliptic curve
    - ``mw_base`` - a list of points on `E` (generators)
    - ``N`` - a positive integer (bound on coefficients)
    - ``x_bound`` - a positive real number (upper bound on size of x-coordinates)

    OUTPUT:

    (list) list of integral points on `E` which are linear combinations
    of the given points with coefficients bounded by `N` in absolute
    value.

    TESTS:

    We check that some large integral points in a paper of Zagier are found::

        sage: def t(a,b,x): # indirect doctest
        ....:       E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,a,b])
        ....:       xs = [P[0] for P in E.integral_points()]
        ....:       return x in xs
        sage: all(t(a,b,x) for a,b,x in [ (-2,5, 1318), (4,-1, 4321),
        ....: (0,17, 5234), (11,4, 16833), (-13,37, 60721), (-12,-10, 80327),
        ....: (-7,22, 484961), (-9,28, 764396), (-13,4, 1056517), (-19,-51,
        ....: 2955980), (-24,124, 4435710), (-30,133, 5143326), (-37,60,
        ....: 11975623), (-23,-33, 17454557), (-16,49, 19103002), (27,-62,
        ....: 28844402), (37,18, 64039202), (2,97, 90086608), (49,-64,
        ....: 482042404), (-59,74, 7257247018), (94,689, 30841587841),
        ....: (469,1594, 6327540232326), (1785,0, 275702503440)])
        True
    """
    from sage.groups.generic import multiples
    xs=set()
    tors_points = E.torsion_points()
    r = len(mw_base)

    def use(P):
        """
        Helper function to record x-coord of a point if integral.
        """
        if P:
            xP = P[0]
            if xP.is_integral():
                xs.add(xP)

    def use_t(R):
        """
        Helper function to record x-coords of a point +torsion if
        integral.
        """
        for T in tors_points:
            use(R+T)

    # We use a naive method when the number of possibilities is small:

    if r==1 and N<=10:
        for P in multiples(mw_base[0],N+1):
            use_t(P)
        return xs

    # Otherwise it is very very much faster to first compute the
    # linear combinations over RR, and only compute them as rational
    # points if they are approximately integral.  We will use a bit
    # precision prec such that 2**prec is greater than the upper bound
    # on the x- and y-coordinates.

    def is_approx_integral(rx):
        r""" Local function. Return P if the real number `rx` is approximately
        integral and rounds to a valid integral x-coordinate of an
        integral point P on E, else 0.
        """
        try:
            return E.lift_x(rx.round())
        except ValueError:
            return 0

    prec = (2 * RealField()(x_bound).log(2)).ceil()
    #print("coeff bound={}, x_bound = {}, using {} bits precision".format(N,x_bound,prec))
    RR = RealField(prec)
    ER = E.change_ring(RR)
    ER0 = ER(0)

    # Note: doing [ER(P) for P in mw_base] sometimes fails.  The
    # following way is harder, since we have to make sure we don't use
    # -P instead of P, but is safer.

    Rgens = [ER.lift_x(P[0]) for P in mw_base]
    for i in range(r):
        if abs(Rgens[i][1]-mw_base[i][1])>abs((-Rgens[i])[1]-mw_base[i][1]):
            Rgens[i] = -Rgens[i]

    # the ni loop through all tuples (a1,a2,...,ar) with
    # |ai|<=N, but we stop immediately after using the tuple
    # (0,0,...,0).

    # Initialization:
    ni = [-N for i in range(r)]
    RgensN = [-N*P for P in Rgens]
    # RPi[i] = -N*(Rgens[0]+...+Rgens[i])
    RPi = [0 for j in range(r)]
    RPi[0] = RgensN[0]
    for i in range(1,r):
        RPi[i] = RPi[i-1] + RgensN[i]

    tors_points_R = [ER(_) for _ in tors_points]
    while True:
        if all(n == 0 for n in ni):
            use_t(E(0))
            break

        # test the ni-combination which is RPi[r-1]
        RP = RPi[r-1]

        for T, TR in zip(tors_points, tors_points_R):
            use(is_approx_integral((RP + TR)[0]))

        # increment indices and stored points
        i0 = r-1
        while ni[i0]==N:
            ni[i0] = -N
            i0 -= 1
        ni[i0] += 1
        # The next lines are to prevent rounding error: (-P)+P behaves
        # badly for real points!
        if all(n==0 for n in ni[0:i0+1]):
            RPi[i0] = ER0
        else:
            RPi[i0] += Rgens[i0]
        for i in range(i0+1,r):
            RPi[i] = RPi[i-1] + RgensN[i]

    return xs


def elliptic_curve_congruence_graph(curves):
    r"""
    Return the congruence graph for this set of elliptic curves.

    INPUT:

    - ``curves`` -- a list of elliptic curves

    OUTPUT:

    The graph with each curve as a vertex (labelled by its Cremona
    label) and an edge from `E` to `F` labelled `p` if and only if `E` is
    congruent to `F` mod `p`

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_rational_field import elliptic_curve_congruence_graph
        sage: curves = list(cremona_optimal_curves([11..30]))
        sage: G = elliptic_curve_congruence_graph(curves)
        sage: G
        Graph on 12 vertices
    """
    from sage.graphs.graph import Graph
    from sage.arith.all import lcm
    from sage.rings.fast_arith import prime_range
    from sage.misc.all import prod
    G = Graph()
    G.add_vertices([curve.cremona_label() for curve in curves])
    n = len(curves)
    for i in range(n):
        E = curves[i]
        M = E.conductor()
        for j in range(i):
            F = curves[j]
            N = F.conductor()
            MN = lcm(M, N)
            lim = prod([(p - 1) * p ** (e - 1) for p, e in MN.factor()])
            a_E = E.anlist(lim)
            a_F = F.anlist(lim)
            l_list = [p for p in prime_range(lim) if not p.divides(MN)]
            p_edges = l_list
            for l in l_list:
                n = a_E[l] - a_F[l]
                if n != 0:
                    p_edges = [p for p in p_edges if p.divides(n)]
            if p_edges:
                G.add_edge(E.cremona_label(), F.cremona_label(),
                           p_edges)
    return G
