/*! \page page_usrp_x4xx USRP X4x0 Series

\tableofcontents

\section x4xx_feature_list Comparative Features List

- Hardware Capabilities:
  - Dual QSFP28 Ports (can be used with 10 GigE)
  - External PPS input & output
  - External 10 MHz input
  - Internal GPSDO for timing, location, and time/frequency reference
  - External GPIO Connector (2xHDMI)
  - USB-C debug port, providing JTAG and console access
  - USB-C OTG port (USB 2.0)
  - Xilinx Zynq Ultrascale+ RFSoC (ZU28DR), includes quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
    (1200 MHz), dual-core ARM Cortex-R5F real-time unit, and UltraScale+ FPGA
  - 4 GiB DDR4 RAM for Processing System, 2x4 GiB DDR4 RAM for Programmable Logic
  - Up to 4x400 MHz of analog bandwidth, center frequency 1 MHz - 7.2 GHz
    (tunable to 8 GHz) using \ref page_zbx
  - Closed-loop temperature control
  - Default airflow: front-to-back
  - Field replaceable fan tray
- Software Capabilities:
  - Full Linux system running on the quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
  - Runs MPM (see also \ref page_mpm)
- FPGA Capabilities:
  - Timed commands in FPGA
  - Timed sampling in FPGA
  - RFNoC capable: Supports various CHDR bus widths from 64-bits (for minimal
    footprint) up to 512 bits (for maximum throughput)
- Mechanical Capabilities:
  - Rack-mountable with additional rack mount kit (2 USRPs side-by-side, or 1 USRP per 1U)
  - Stackable (with stack mount kit)
  - Airflow default direction can be changed to back-to-front with an
    accessory, which is sold separately

\section x4xx_overview Overview and Features

\image html x410.png "Ettus USRP X410" width=50%

The Ettus USRP X410 is a fourth-generation Software Defined Radio (SDR) out of the USRP
family of SDRs. It contains two \ref page_zbx "ZBX Daughterboards" for a
total of 4 channels at up to 400 MHz of analog bandwidth each. The analog
features of the \ref page_zbx are described in a separate manual page.

The USRP X410 features a Xilinx RFSoC, running an embedded Linux system. Like
other USRPs, it is addressable through a 1 GbE RJ45 connector, which allows full
access to the embedded Linux system, as well as data streaming at low rates. In
addition, it features two QSFP28 connectors, which allow for up to 4x10 GbE or
1x100 GbE connections each.

The front panel provides access to the RF connectors (SMA), Tx/Rx status LEDs,
programmable GPIOs, and the power button. The rear panel is where the power and
data connections go (Ethernet, USB) as well as time/clock reference signals and
GPS antenna.

X410's cooling system uses a field replaceable fan assembly and supports two
variants: one that pulls air front-to-back and one that pulls air back-to-front.
By default, the unit comes with the front-to-back fan assembly.

\subsection x4xx_overview_rfsoc The RFSoC CPU/FPGA and Host Operating System

The main chip (the SoC) of the X410 is a Xilinx Zynq Ultrascale+ RFSoC
(ZU28DR). It contains an ARM quad-core Cortex A53 CPU (referred to as
the "APU"), an UltraScale+ FPGA including peripherals such as built-in data
converters and SD-FEC cores, and an ARM Cortex-R5F real-time processor
(the "RPU").

The programmable logic (PL, or FPGA) section of the SoC is responsible for
handling all sampling data, the high-speed network connections, and any other
high-speed utilities such as custom RFNoC logic. The processing system (PS, or CPU)
is running a custom-built OpenEmbedded-based Linux operating system. The OS is
responsible for all the device and peripheral management, such as running MPM,
configuring the network interfaces, running local UHD sessions, etc.

The programmable logic bitfile contains certain hard-coded configurations of the
hardware, such as what type of connectivity the QSFP28 ports use, and how the RF
data converters are configured. That means to change the QSFP28 from a 10 GbE to a
100 GbE connection requires changing out the bitfile, as well as when
reconfiguring the data converters for different master clock rates. See
\ref x4xx_updating_fpga_types for more information.

It is possible to connect to the host OS either via SSH or serial console (see
sections \ref x4xx_getting_started_ssh and \ref x4xx_getting_started_serial,
respectively).

The X410 has a higher maximum analog bandwidth than previous USRPs. It can provide
rates up to 500 Msps, resulting in a usable analog bandwidth of up to 400 MHz.
In order to facilitate the higher bandwidth, UHD
uses a technology called \ref page_dpdk "Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK)".
See the DPDK page for details on how it can improve streaming, and how to use
it.

\subsection x4xx_overview_dboards Daughterboard Connectivity

The Ettus USRP X410 contains two ZBX daughterboards. To find out more about the
capabilities of these analog front-end cards, see \ref page_zbx.

\subsection x4xx_overview_panels Front and Back Panels

\image html x410_front_panel.png "Ettus USRP X410 Front Panel" width=90%

The front panel provides access to the RF ports and status LEDs of the \ref page_zbx.
It also provides access to the front-panel GPIO connectors (2x HDMI) and the
power button.

\image html x410_back_panel.png "Ettus USRP X410 Back Panel" width=90%

The back panel provides access to power, data connections, clocking and timing
related connections, and some status LEDs:

- The QSFP28 connectors have different configurations dependent on the FPGA
  image type (see also \ref x4xx_updating_fpga_types)
- The iPass+ zHD connectors are unsupported
- GPS ANT, REF IN, and PPS IN allow connecting a GPS antenna, a reference clock
  (e.g., 10 MHz) and a 1 PPS signal for timing purposes
- The TRIG IN/OUT port is not supported in default FPGA images
- The serial number is embedded in a QR code
- There are four user-configurable status LEDs (see also \ref x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds)
- The CONSOLE JTAG USB-C port is a debug port that allows serial access to the
  SCU or the OS (see also \ref x4xx_getting_started_serial)
- The USB to PS USB-C port is accessible by the operating system, e.g., to
  connect mass storage devices. It can also be used to expose the eMMC storage
  as a mass storage device to an external computer, e.g., for updating the
  filesystem
- The RJ45 Ethernet port allows accessing the operation system, e.g., via SSH.
  It is also possible to stream data over this interface, albeit at a slow rate
  (approx. 10 Msps).

\subsection x4xx_overview_micro The STM32 Microcontroller

The STM32 microcontroller (also referred to as the "SCU") controls various
low-level features of the X4x0 series motherboard: It controls the power
sequencing, reads out fan speeds and some of the temperature sensors.
It is connected to the RFSoC via an I2C bus. It is running software based on
Chromium EC.

It is possible to log into the STM32 using the serial interface
(see \ref x4xx_getting_started_serial_micro). This will allow certain low-level
controls, such as remote power cycling should the CPU have become unresponsive
for whatever reason.

\subsection x4xx_overview_rackmount Rack Mounting and Cooling

Coming soon!

\subsection x4xx_overview_storage eMMC Storage

The main non-volatile storage of the USRP is a 16 GB eMMC storage. This storage
can be made accessible as a USB Mass Storage device through the USB-OTG connector
on the back panel.

The entire root file system (Linux kernel, libraries) and any user data are
stored on the eMMC. It is partitioned into four partitions:

1. Boot partition (contains the bootloader). This partition usually does not
   require modification.
2. A data partition, mounted in /data. This is the only partition that is not
   erased during file system updates.
3. Two identical system partitions (root file systems). These contain the
   operating system and the home directory (anything mounted under / that is not
   the data or boot partition). The reason there are two of these is to enable
   remote updates: An update running on one partition can update the other one
   without any effect to the currently running system. Note that the system
   partitions are erased during updates and are thus unsuitable for permanently
   storing information.

Note: It is possible to access the currently inactive root file system by
mounting it. After logging into the device using serial console or SSH (see the
following two sections), run the following commands:

    $ mkdir temp
    $ mount /dev/mmcblk0p3 temp # This assumes mmcblk0p3 is currently not mounted
    $ ls temp # You are now accessing the idle partition:
    bin   data  etc   lib         media  proc  sbin  tmp    usr
    boot  dev   home  lost+found  mnt    run   sys   uboot  var

The device node in the mount command might differ, depending on which partition
is currently already mounted.

\section x4xx_getting_started Getting Started

Firstly, download and install UHD on a host computer following \ref page_install
or \ref page_build_guide. The USRP X410 requires UHD version 4.1 or above.

\subsection x4xx_getting_started_assembling Assembling the X410

Inside the kit you will find the X410 and an X410 power supply. Plug these in,
connect the 1GbE RJ45 interface to your network, and power on the device by
pressing the power button.

\subsection x4xx_getting_started_network_connectivity Network Connectivity

Once the X410 has booted, determine the IP address and verify network
connectivity by running `uhd_find_devices` on the host computer:

    $ uhd_find_devices
    --------------------------------------------------
    -- UHD Device 0
    --------------------------------------------------
    Device Address:
        serial: 1234ABC
        addr: 10.2.161.10
        claimed: False
        mgmt_addr: 10.2.161.10
        product: x410
        type: x4xx

By default, an X410 will use DHCP to attempt to find an address.

At this point, you should run:

    uhd_usrp_probe --args addr=<IP address>

to ensure functionality of the device.

Note: If you receive the following error:

    Error: RuntimeError: Graph edge list is empty for rx channel 0

then you will need to download a UHD-compatible FPGA as described in
\ref x4xx_updating_fpga or using the following command (it assumes that FPGA
images have been downloaded previously using uhd_images_downloader, or that the
command is run on the device itself):

    uhd_image_loader --args type=x4xx,addr=<ip address>,fpga=X4_200

When running on the device, use 127.0.0.1 as the IP address.

You can now use existing UHD examples or applications (such as
rx_sample_to_file, rx_ascii_art_dft, or tx_waveforms) or other UHD-compatible
applications to start receiving and transmitting with the device.

See \ref x4xx_getting_started_network_connectivity_ifcs for further details on
the various network interfaces available on the X410.

\subsubsection x4xx_getting_started_network_connectivity_ifcs Network Interfaces

The Ettus USRP X410 has various network interfaces:
- `eth0`: RJ45 port.
  - The RJ45 port comes up with a default configuration of DHCP, that will
    request a network address from your DHCP server (if available on your
    network). This interface is agnostic of FPGA image flavor.
- `int0`: internal interface for network communication between the embedded ARM
  processor and FPGA.
  - The internal network interface is configured with a static address:
    `169.254.0.1/24`. This interface is agnostic of FPGA image flavor.
- `sfpX [, sfpX_1, sfpX_2, sfpX_3]`: QSFP28 network interface(s), up-to four
  (one per lane) based on implemented protocol.
  - Each QSFP28 port has four high-speed transceiver lanes. Therefore,
    depending on the FPGA image flavor, up-to four different network interfaces
    may exist per QSFP28 port, using the `sfpX`for the first lane, and
    `sfpX_1-3` for the other three lanes. Each network interface has a default
    static IP address. Note that for multi-lane protocols, such as 100 GbE, a
    single interface is used (`sfpX`).

The configuration files for these network interfaces are stored in:
`/data/network/<interface>.network`.

Interface Name | Description                            | Default Configuration | Configuration File | Example: X4_200 FPGA image |
---------------|----------------------------------------|-----------------------|--------------------|----------------------------|
`eth0`         | RJ45                                   | DHCP                  | eth0.network       | DHCP                       |
`int0`         | Internal                               | 169.254.0.1/24        | int0.network       | 169.254.0.1/24             |
`sfp0`         | QSFP28 0 (4-lanes interface or lane 0) | 192.168.10.2/24       | sfp0.network       | 192.168.10.2/24            |
`sfp0_1`       | QSFP28 0 (lane 1)                      | 192.168.11.2/24       | sfp0_1.network     | 192.168.11.2/24            |
`sfp0_2`       | QSFP28 0 (lane 2)                      | 192.168.12.2/24       | sfp0_2.network     | 192.168.12.2/24            |
`sfp0_3`       | QSFP28 0 (lane 3)                      | 192.168.13.2/24       | sfp0_3.network     | 192.168.13.2/24            |
`sfp1`         | QSFP28 1 (4-lanes interface or lane 0) | 192.168.20.2/24       | sfp1.network       | N/C                        |
`sfp1_1`       | QSFP28 1 (lane 1)                      | 192.168.21.2/24       | sfp1_1.network     | N/C                        |
`sfp1_2`       | QSFP28 1 (lane 2)                      | 192.168.22.2/24       | sfp1_2.network     | N/C                        |
`sfp1_3`       | QSFP28 1 (lane 3)                      | 192.168.23.2/24       | sfp1_3.network     | N/C                        |

For example, `/data/network/eth0.network` by default looks like:
```
[Match]
Name=eth0
KernelCommandLine=!nfsroot

[Network]
DHCP=ipv4
IPForward=ipv4

[DHCP]
UseHostname=true
ClientIdentifier=mac
```

In order to change the eth0 interface from using DHCP to using a static IP, you
can edit `/data/network/eth0.network` to be like:
```
[Match]
Name=eth0
KernelCommandLine=!nfsroot

[Network]
Address=192.168.1.123/24
```
replacing the IP address with the IP of your choice.

\subsubsection x4xx_getting_started_network_connectivity_leds Network Status LEDs

The Ettus USRP X410 is equipped with status LEDs for its network-capable ports:
RJ45 and QSFP28s,
see \ref x4xx_getting_started_network_connectivity_leds_rj45 and
\ref x4xx_getting_started_network_connectivity_leds_qsfp28 accordingly.

\paragraph x4xx_getting_started_network_connectivity_leds_rj45 RJ45 LED Behavior

The RJ45 port has two independent LEDs: green (right) and yellow (left). The
table below summarizes the LEDs' behavior. Note that link speed indication is
not currently supported.

Link / Activity    | Green LED | Yellow LED |
-------------------|-----------|------------|
No Link            | Off       | Off        |
Link / No Activity | On        | Off        |
Link / Activity    | On        | Blinking   |

\paragraph x4xx_getting_started_network_connectivity_leds_qsfp28 QSFP28 LED Behavior

Each QSFP28 connector has four LEDs, one for each high-speed transceiver lane.
The table below summarizes the LEDs' behavior, note that for multi-lane
protocols, such as 100 GbE, the corresponding LEDs are ganged together. Within
the same image, multiple speeds on the same port (e.g., both 10 GbE and 100
GbE) are not supported, therefore link speed indication is not supported.

Link / Activity    | QSFP28 LED (4 total) |
-------------------|----------------------|
No Link            | Off                  |
Link / No Activity | Green (solid)        |
Link / Activity    | Amber (blinking)     |

\subsection x4xx_getting_started_security Security-related Settings

The X410 ships without a root password set. It is possible to ssh into the
device by simply connecting as root, and thus gaining access to all subsystems.
To set a password, run the command

    $ passwd

on the device.

\subsection x4xx_getting_started_serial Serial Connection

It is possible to gain access to the device using a serial terminal
emulator. To do so, the USB debug port needs to be connected to a separate
computer to gain access.
Most Linux, OSX, or other Unix flavors have a tool called 'screen'
which can be used for this purpose, by running the following command:

    $ sudo screen /dev/ttyUSB2 115200

In this command, we prepend 'sudo' to elevate user privileges (by default,
accessing serial ports is not available to regular users), we specify the
device node (in this case, `/dev/ttyUSB2`), and the baud rate (115200).

The exact device node depends on your operating system's driver and other USB
devices that might be already connected. Modern Linux systems offer alternatives
to simply trying device nodes; instead, the OS might have a directory of
symlinks under `/dev/serial/by-id`:

    $ ls /dev/serial/by-id
    usb-Digilent_Digilent_USB_Device_2516351DDCC0-if02-port0
    usb-Digilent_Digilent_USB_Device_2516351DDCC0-if03-port0

Note: Exact names depend on the host operating system version and may differ.

The first (with the `if02` suffix) connects to the STM32 microcontroller (SCU), whereas
the second (with the `if03` suffix) connects to Linux running on the RFSoC APU.

    $ sudo screen /dev/serial/by-id/usb-Digilent_Digilent_USB_Device_2516351DDCC0-if03-port0 115200

After entering the username `root` (no password is set by default), you should be presented with a shell prompt similar to the following:

    root@ni-x4xx-1234ABC:~#

On this prompt, you can enter any Linux command available. Using the default
configuration, the serial console will also show all kernel log messages (unlike
when using SSH, for example), and give access to the boot loader (U-boot
prompt). This can be used to debug kernel or bootloader issues more efficiently
than when logged in via SSH.

\subsubsection x4xx_getting_started_serial_micro Connecting to the Microcontroller

The microcontroller (which controls the power sequencing, among other things)
also has a serial console available. To connect to the microcontroller, use the
other UART device. In the example above:

    $ sudo screen /dev/serial/by-id/usb-Digilent_Digilent_USB_Device_2516351DDCC0-if02-port0 115200

It provides a very simple prompt. The command 'help' will list all available
commands. A direct connection to the microcontroller can be used to hard-reset
the device without physically accessing it and other low-level diagnostics. For
example, running the command `reboot` will emulate a reset button press,
resetting the state of the device, while the command `powerbtn` will emulate a
power button press, turning the device back on again.

\subsection x4xx_getting_started_ssh SSH Connection

The USRP X4x0-Series devices have two network connections: The dual QSFP28
ports, and an RJ45 connector. The latter is by default configured by DHCP; by
plugging it into into 1 Gigabit switch on a DHCP-capable network, it will get
assigned an IP address and thus be accessible via ssh.

In case your network setup does not include a DHCP server, refer to the section
\ref x4xx_getting_started_serial. A serial login can be used to assign an IP address manually.

After the device obtained an IP address you can log in from a Linux or OSX
machine by typing:

    $ ssh root@ni-x4xx-1234ABC # Replace with your actual device name!

Depending on your network setup, using a `.local` domain may work:

    $ ssh root@ni-x4xx-1234ABC.local

Of course, you can also connect to the IP address directly if you know it (or
set it manually using the serial console).

Note: The device's hostname is derived from its serial number by default
(`ni-x4xx-$SERIAL`). You can change the hostname by modifying the `/etc/hostname`
file and rebooting.

On Microsoft Windows, the connection can be established using a tool such as
PuTTY, by selecting a username of root without password.

Like with the serial console, you should be presented with a prompt like the
following:

    root@ni-x4xx-1234ABC:~#

\subsection x4xx_updating_fpga Updating the FPGA

The FPGA can be updated simply using `uhd_image_loader`:

    uhd_image_loader --args type=x4xx,addr=<IP address of device> --fpga-path <path to .bit>

or

    uhd_image_loader --args type=x4xx,addr=<IP address of device>,fpga=FPGA_TYPE

A UHD install will likely have pre-built images in `/usr/share/uhd/images/`.
Up-to-date images can be downloaded using the `uhd_images_downloader` script:

    uhd_images_downloader

will download images into `/usr/share/uhd/images/` (the path may differ,
depending on how UHD was installed).

Also note that the USRP already ships with compatible FPGA images on the device -
these images can be loaded by SSH'ing into the device and running:

    uhd_image_loader --args type=x4xx,mgmt_addr=127.0.0.1,fpga=X4_200

\subsubsection x4xx_updating_fpga_types FPGA Image Flavors

Unlike the USRP X310 or other third-generation USRP devices, the FPGA image
flavors do not only encode how the QSFP28 connectors are configured, but also
which master clock rates are available. This is because the data converter
configuration is part of the FPGA image (the ADCs/DACs on the X410 are on the
same die as the FPGA).
The image flavors consist of two short strings, separated by an underscore, e.g.
`X4_200` is an image flavor which contains 4x 10 GbE, and can handle an analog
bandwidth of 200 MHz. The first two characters describe the configuration of
the QSFP28 ports: 'X' stands for 10 GbE, 'C' stands for 100 GbE. See the following
table for more details.

| FPGA Image Flavor   | QSFP28 Port 0 Interface | QSFP28 Port 1 Interface |
|---------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------|
| X1_100              | 1x 10 GbE (Lane 0)      | N/C                     |
| X4_{100, 200}       | 4x 10 GbE               | N/C                     |
| XG_{100, 200}       | 1x 10 GbE (Lane 0)      | 1x 10 GbE (Lane 0)      |
| X4_{100, 200}       | 4x 10 GbE (All Lanes)   | N/C                     |
| X4C_{100, 200}      | 4x 10 GbE (All Lanes)   | 100 GbE                 |
| C1_400              | 100 GbE                 | N/C                     |
| CG_{100, 400}       | 100 GbE                 | 100 GbE                 |

The analog bandwidth determines the available master clock rates. As of UHD 4.1,
only the X4_200 image is shipped with UHD, which allows a 245.76 MHz or
250 MHz master clock rate. The other images are considered experimental (unsupported).

\section x4xx_updating_filesystems Updating Filesystems

The easiest way to update the filesystem is directly from the X410 via the
built-in `usrp_update_fs` utility.

To perform a filesystem "factory-reset", run:

    $ usrp_update_fs

To update to the most-recent filesystem, run:

    $ usrp_update_fs -t master

Note: Old filesystems may not support this utility. Alternatively, one may use
Mender to update the filesystem. See \ref x4xx_updating_filesystems_mender.

\subsection x4xx_updating_filesystems_mender Updating the Filesystem Using Mender

Mender is a third-party software that enables remote updating of the root file
system without physically accessing the device (see also the [Mender
website](https://mender.io)). Mender can be executed locally on the device, or a
Mender server can be set up which can be used to remotely update an arbitrary
number of USRP devices. Mender servers can be self-hosted, or hosted by Mender
(see [mender.io](https://mender.io) for pricing and availability).

When updating the file system using Mender, the tool will overwrite the root
file system partition that is not currently mounted (note: the onboard flash
storage contains two separate root file system partitions, only one is ever used
at a single time). Any data stored on that partition will be permanently lost,
including the currently loaded FPGA image. After updating that partition, it
will reboot into the newly updated partition. Only if the update is confirmed by
the user, the update will be made permanent. This means that if an update fails,
the device will be always able to reboot into the partition from which the
update was originally launched (which presumably is in a working state). Another
update can be launched now to correct the previous, failed update, until it
works.

\subsubsection x4xx_updating_filesystems_mender_artifact Downloading a Mender Artifact

To initiate an update directly from the X410 device, download a Mender artifact
containing the update itself. These are files with a `.mender` suffix. They can
be downloaded by using the `uhd_images_downloader` utility:

    $ uhd_images_downloader -t mender -t x4xx

Append the `-l` switch to print out the URLs only:

    $ uhd_images_downloader -t mender -t x4xx -l

By default, this utility will download the `.mender` artifact to
`/usr/share/uhd/images`.

Note: `uhd_images_downloader` will only download the artifacts released with
the currently installed filesystem version (factory-reset). To install the
latest released filesystem version instead, first download the most-recent
manifest from the UHD Github repository:

    $ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/EttusResearch/uhd/master/images/manifest.txt

Second, use the `-m` switch to use the new manifest file:

    $ uhd_images_downloader -t mender -t x4xx -m manifest.txt

\subsubsection x4xx_updating_filesystems_mender_install Installing the Mender Artifact

Once a Mender artifact is downloaded to the X410 (see
\ref x4xx_updating_filesystems_mender_artifact), install it by running mender
on the command line:

    $ mender install /path/to/latest.mender

Alternatively, Mender may be used to download and install an artifact that is
stored on a remote server, all in one step:

    $ mender install http://server.name/path/to/latest.mender

This procedure will take a while. If the new filesystem requires an update to
the MB CPLD, see \ref x4xx_updating_cpld before proceeding. After mender has
logged a successful update, reboot the device:

    $ reboot

If the reboot worked, and the device seems functional, commit the changes so
the boot loader knows to permanently boot into this partition:

    $ mender commit

To identify the currently installed Mender artifact from the command line, the
following file can be queried:

    $ cat /etc/mender/artifact_info

If you are running a hosted server, the updates can be initiated from a web
dashboard. From there, you can start the updates without having to log into the
device, and can update groups of USRPs with a few clicks in a web GUI. The
dashboard can also be used to inspect the state of USRPs. This is a simple way
to update groups of rack-mounted USRPs with custom file systems.


\subsection x4xx_resetting_boot_environment Resetting Boot Environment

In the event that the new system has problems booting, you can attempt to reset
the boot environment using the following instructions.

First, connect to the USB serial console at a baud rate of 115200. Boot the
device, and stop the boot sequence by typing `noautoboot` at the prompt. Then,
run the following commands in the U-boot command prompt:

    env default -a
    env save
    reset

The last command will reboot the USRP. If the `/` filesystem was mounted to `mmcblk0p2` as
described in \ref x4xx_updating_filesystems, then stop the boot again and run:

    run altbootcmd

Otherwise, let the boot continue as normal.

\subsection x4xx_updating_cpld Updating the Motherboard CPLD

<b>Caution! Updating the motherboard CPLD has the potential to brick your
device if done improperly.</b>

After updating the filesystem, you may have to update your motherboard CPLD. If
you forget to update the CPLD, MPM will fail to fully initialize and emit a
warning. This is not critical, and the CPLD update can be performed later by
following these same steps, but the device will not be usable until then.

Even though the CPLD may not require updating, it is recommended to always run
these steps for a consistent update procedure.

You can update the motherboard (MB) CPLD by running the following command on
the X410:

    x4xx_update_cpld --file=<path to cpld-x410.rpd>

Note: Old filesystems may not contain this command. If you are performing a
mender update, simply run these commands after the update.

Filesystems will usually contain a compatible `cpld-x410.rpd` file at
`/lib/firmware/ni/cpld-x410.rpd`. If you're installing a new filesystem via
mender, you may have to mount the new filesystem (before you boot into it) in
order to access the new firmware:

    mkdir /mnt/other
    mount /dev/mmcblk0p3 /mnt/other
    cp /mnt/other/lib/firmware/ni/cpld-x410.rpd ~
    umount /mnt/other

Note that the other filesystem may be either `/dev/mmcblk0p2` or `/dev/mmcblk0p3`.

If `x4xx_update_cpld` returns an error, diagnose the error before proceeding.

After updating the MB CPLD, a power cycle is required for the changes to take
effect. Shut down the device using:

    shutdown -h now

and then un-plug, wait several seconds, then re-plug the power to the USRP.

Alternatively, in lieu of physical access, the microcontroller can be accessed
using the USB serial port as described in \ref x4xx_getting_started_serial, and
can be used to reboot the device:

    reboot
    powerbtn

\subsubsection x4xx_building_cpld Building the Motherboard CPLD

Read this section if you want to create your own motherboard CPLD image.

The motherboard CPLD's source code can be found in the UHD source code
repository under `fpga/usrp3/top/x400/cpld`.

Building the MB CPLD requires <em>"Quartus 20.1.0 Standard Edition or
later"</em>. To generate the MB CPLD image, navigate to
`fpga/usrp3/top/x400/cpld` and run:

    make build

Read the Makefile in that directory for further details.

\subsection x4xx_updating_scu Updating the SCU

The writable SCU image file is stored on the filesystem under
`/lib/firmware/ni/ec-titanium-revX.RW.bin` (where X is a revision compatibility
number). To update, simply replace the `.bin` file with the updated version and
reboot.

\subsection x4xx_accessing_emmc_usb USB Access to eMMC

While Mender should be used for routine filesystem updates (see \ref
x4xx_updating_filesystems), it is also possible to access the X410's internal
eMMC from an external host over USB. This allows accessing or modifying the
filesystem, as well as the ability to flash the device with an entirely new
filesystem.

In order to do so, you'll need an external computer with two USB ports, and two
USB cables to connect the computer to your X410. The instructions below assume
a Linux host.

First, connect to the APU serial console at a baud rate of 115200. Boot the
device, and stop the boot sequence by typing `noautoboot` at the prompt. Then,
run the following command in the U-boot command prompt:

    ums 0 mmc 0

This will start the USB mass storage gadget to expose the eMMC as a USB mass
storage device. You should see a spinning indicator on the console, which
indicates the gadget is active.

Next, connect your external computer to the X410's USB to PS port using an OTG
cable. Your computer should recognize the X410 as a mass storage device, and you
should see an entry in your kernel logs (`dmesg`) that looks like this:

    usb 3-1: New USB device found, idVendor=3923, idProduct=7a7d, bcdDevice= 2.23
    usb 3-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=0
    usb 3-1: Product: USB download gadget
    usb 3-1: Manufacturer: National Instruments
    sd 6:0:0:0: [sdc] 30932992 512-byte logical blocks: (15.8 GB/14.8 GiB)
     sdc: sdc1 sdc2 sdc3 sdc4
    sd 6:0:0:0: [sdc] Attached SCSI removable disk

The exact output will depend on your machine, but from this log you can see that
the X410 was recognized and `/dev/sdc` is the block device representing the
eMMC, with 4 partitions detected (see \ref x4xx_overview_storage for details on
the partition layout).

It is now possible to treat the X410's eMMC as you would any other USB drive:
the individual partitions can be mounted and accessed, or the entire block
device can be read/written.

Once you're finished accessing the device over USB, the u-boot gadget may be
stopped by hitting Ctrl-C at the APU serial console.

\subsubsection x4xx_flash_emmc Flashing eMMC

Once the X410's eMMC is accessible over USB, it's possible to write the
filesystem image using `dd`. You can obtain the latest filesystem image by
running:

    uhd_images_downloader -t sdimg -t x4xx

The output of this command will indicate where the downloaded image can be
found.

Run:

    sudo dd if=/path/to/usrp_x4xx_fs.sdimg of=/dev/sdX bs=1M

to flash the eMMC with this image (replacing /dev/sdX with the block device
of the X410's eMMC as indicated by your kernel log).

When copying has completed, hit Ctrl-C on the U-boot
prompt to terminate the mass storage mode. Then, power-cycle the device to load
the new filesystem.

\subsection x4xx_jtag_boot Booting X410 over JTAG

If the X410 is no longer able to boot from eMMC, it is possible to boot the
device into u-boot over JTAG. This will allow the filesystem to be reflashed
using the process described in \ref x4xx_accessing_emmc_usb.

In order to boot the X410 over JTAG, you'll first need to have either the
Xilinx SDK, or the freely available Vivado Lab Edition. The following steps
require that one of these is installed and available in your environment.

For convenience, pre-compiled bootloader binaries are provided, along with a
script to handle downloading these into the X410's memory and booting the
device. These are included in the sdimg package with the name
`usrp_x4xx_recovery.zip`, which can be downloaded using:

    uhd_images_downloader -t sdimg -t x4xx

To boot the device over JTAG, first ensure the X410 is powered off, and that you
have serial consoles open to both the SCU and the APU. Configure the device to
boot over JTAG by running `zynqmp bootmode jtag` on the SCU console, and press
the power button (or run the `powerbtn` command at the SCU console). At this
point, the device is powered on and the APU is held in reset.

Run `xsdb boot_u-boot.tcl` in the directory where you've extracted the
bootloader binaries. This will download the various binaries needed to boot the
device into memory, and bring the APU out of reset. Once this script completes,
you should see u-boot loading on the APU serial console. From here, you can
follow the steps in \ref x4xx_accessing_emmc_usb to reflash the eMMC.

After the eMMC has been flashed, run `reboot` at the SCU console to reset the
device and return back to the default boot mode. A subsequent press of the power
button will boot the device from the eMMC.

\section x4xx_usage Using a USRP X4x0 from UHD

Like any other USRP, all X4x0 USRPs are controlled by the UHD software. To
integrate a USRP X4x0 into your C++ application, you would generate a UHD
device in the same way you would for any other USRP:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
auto usrp = uhd::usrp::multi_usrp::make("type=x4xx");
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

For a list of which arguments can be passed into make(), see Section
\ref x4xx_usage_args.

\subsection x4xx_usage_args Device Arguments

 Key                   | Description                                                                     | Example Value
-----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------
 addr                  | IPv4 address of primary SFP+ port to connect to.                                | addr=192.168.30.2
 second_addr           | IPv4 address of secondary SFP+ port to connect to.                              | second_addr=192.168.40.2
 mgmt_addr             | IPv4 address or hostname to which to connect the RPC client. Defaults to `addr'.| mgmt_addr=ni-sulfur-311FE00
 find_all              | When using broadcast, find all devices, even if unreachable via CHDR.           | find_all=1
 master_clock_rate     | Master Clock Rate in Hz.                                                        | master_clock_rate=250e6
 serialize_init        | Force serial initialization of motherboards (default is parallel)               | serialize_init=1
 skip_init             | Skip the initialization process for the device.                                 | skip_init=1
 time_source           | Specify the time (PPS) source.                                                  | time_source=internal
 clock_source          | Specify the reference clock source.                                             | clock_source=internal
 ref_clk_freq          | Specify the external reference clock frequency, default is 10 MHz.              | ref_clk_freq=20e6
 discovery_port        | Override default value for MPM discovery port.                                  | discovery_port=49700
 rpc_port              | Override default value for MPM RPC port.                                        | rpc_port=49701

\subsection x4xx_usage_gps GPS

The USRP X410 includes a Jackson Labs LTE-Lite GPS module. Its antenna port is
on the rear panel (see \ref x4xx_overview_panels). When the X410 has access to
GPS satellite signals, it can use this module to read out the current GPS time
and location as well as to discipline an onboard OCXO.

To use the GPS as a clock and time reference, simply use `gpsdo` as a clock or
time source. Alternatively, set `gpsdo` as a synchronization source:

~~~{.cpp}
// Set clock/time individually:
usrp->set_clock_source("gpsdo");
usrp->set_time_source("gpsdo");
// This is equivalent to the previous commands, but faster, as it sets
// both settings simultaneously and avoids duplicating settings that are shared
// between these calls.
usrp->set_sync_source("clock_source=gpsdo,time_source=gpsdo");
~~~

Note the GPS module is not always enabled. Its power-on status can be queried
using the `gps_enabled` GPS sensor (see also \ref x4xx_usage_sensors). When
disabled, none of the sensors will return useful (if any) values.

When selecting `gpsdo` as a clock source, the GPS will always be enabled. Note
that acquiring a GPS lock can take some time after enabling the GPS, so if a UHD
application is enabling the GPS dynamically, it might take some time before a
GPS lock is reported.

\subsection x4xx_usage_gpio Front-Panel Programmable GPIOs

The USRP X410 has two HDMI front-panel connectors, which are connected to the
FPGA.

Support for using these with UHD is not yet available.


\subsection x4xx_usage_subdevspec Subdev Specifications

The RF ports on the front panel of the X410 + ZBX correspond to the following
subdev specifications:

Label       | Subdev Spec
------------|------------
DB 0 / RF 0 | A:0
DB 0 / RF 1 | A:1
DB 1 / RF 0 | B:0
DB 1 / RF 1 | B:1

The subdev spec slot identifiers "A" and "B" are not reflected on the front panel.
They were set to match valid subdev specifications of previous USRPs, maintaining
backward compatibility.

These values can be used for uhd::usrp::multi_usrp::set_rx_subdev_spec() and
uhd::usrp::multi_usrp::set_tx_subdev_spec() as with other USRPs.

\subsection x4xx_usage_sensors The Sensor API

Like other USRPs, the X4x0 series have daughterboard and motherboard sensors.
For daughterboard sensors, cf. \ref zbx_sensors.

When using uhd::usrp::multi_usrp, the following API calls are relevant to
interact with the motherboard sensor API:

- uhd::usrp::multi_usrp::get_mboard_sensor_names()
- uhd::usrp::multi_usrp::get_mboard_sensor()

The following motherboard sensors are always available:

- `ref_locked`: This will check that all the daughterboards have locked to the
                external reference.
- `temp_fpga`: The temperature of the RFSoC die itself.
- `temp_main_power`: The temperature of the PM-BUS devices which supply 0.85V
                     to the RFSoC.
- `temp_scu_internal`: The internal temperature reading of the STM32 microcontroller.
- `fan0`: Fan 0 speed (RPM).
- `fan1`: Fan 1 speed (RPM).

The GPS sensors will return empty values if the GPS is inactive (note it may be
inactive when using a different clock than `gpsdo`, see also \ref x4xx_usage_gps).
There are two types of GPS sensors. The first set requires an active GPS module
and is acquired by calling into gpsd on the embedded device, which in turn
communicates with the GPS via a serial interface. For this reason, these sensors
can take a few seconds before returning a valid value:

- `gps_time`: GPS time in seconds since the epoch.
- `gps_tpv`: A TPV report from GPSd serialized as JSON.
- `gps_sky`: A SKY report from GPSd serialized as JSON.
- `gps_gpgga`: GPGGA string.

The seconds set of GPS sensors probes pins on the GPS module. They are all boolean
sensors values. If the GPS is disabled, they will always return false.

- `gps_enabled`: Returns true if the GPS module is powered on.
- `gps_locked`: Returns the state of the 'LOCK_OK' pin.
- `gps_alarm`: Returns the state of the 'ALARM' pin.
- `gps_warmed_up`: Returns the state of the 'WARMUP_TRAINING' pin. Indicates
                   warmup phase, can be high for minutes after enabling GPS.
- `gps_survey`: Returns the state of the 'SURVEY_ACTIVE' pin. Indicates state of
                auto survey process. Indicates that module is locked to GPS, and
		that there are no events on the GPS module pending.

\subsection x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds Rear Panel Status LEDs

The USRP X410 is equipped with four LEDs located on the device's rear panel.
Each LED supports four different states: Off, Green, Red, and Amber.
One LED (`PWR`) indicates the device's power state (see
\ref x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_power below).
The other three LEDs (`LED 0`, `LED 1`, and `LED 2`) are user-configurable,
different behaviors are supported for each of these LEDs (see
\ref x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable below).

\image html x4xx_rearpanel_status_leds.png "X4x0 Rear Panel Status LEDs" width=10%

\subsubsection x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_power Power LED

The USRP X410's `PWR` LED is reserved to visually indicate the user the
device's power state. \ref x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_power_behavior describes
what each LED state represents.

\paragraph x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_power_behavior Power LED Behavior

| `PWR` LED State | Meaning                               |
|-----------------|---------------------------------------|
| Off             | No power is applied                   |
| Amber           | Power is good but X410 is powered off |
| Green           | Power is good and X410 is powered on  |
| Red             | Power error state                     |

\subsubsection x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable User-configurable LEDs

The USRP X410's user-configurable rear panel status LEDs (`LED 0`, `LED 1`, and
`LED 2`) allow the user to have visual indication of various device conditions.
\ref x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable_suppbeh provides a complete list of
the supported behaviors for each user-configurable LED. By default, these LEDs are
configured as described in \ref x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable_defaults.

The user may alter the default LEDs behavior either temporarily or
persistently, see \ref x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable_tempbeh or
\ref x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable_persistentbeh accordingly.

\paragraph x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable_suppbeh Supported LED Behaviors

- `activity`: flash green LED for CPU activity
- `emmc`: flash green LED for eMMC activity
- `heartbeat`: flash green LED with a heartbeat
- `fpga`: change LED to green when FPGA is loaded
- `netdev <interface>`: green LED indicates interface link, amber indicates activity
  - Where `<interface>` is the name of any network interface (e.g. `eth0`)
- `none`: LED is constantly off
- `panic`: red LED turns on when kernel panics
- `user0`: off, green, red or amber LED state is controlled by FPGA application, see \ref x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable_fpga
- `user1`: off, green, red or amber LED state is controlled by FPGA application, see \ref x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable_fpga
- `user2`: off, green, red or amber LED state is controlled by FPGA application, see \ref x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable_fpga

\paragraph x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable_defaults LEDs Default Behavior

| LED Number | Default Behavior |
|------------|------------------|
| LED 0      | `heartbeat`      |
| LED 1      | `fpga`           |
| LED 2      | `emmc`           |

A user may change the X410 LEDs' default behavior via running a utility on the
on-board ARM processor (Linux).

\paragraph x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable_tempbeh Temporarily change the LED Behavior

1. Establish a connection (serial or SSH) to the X410's Linux terminal.
2. Use the `ledctrl` utility to configure each LED based on desired supported behavior:

        ledctrl <led> <command>

Where `<led>` valid options are: `led0`, `led1`, and `led2`. These options
correspond to the rear panel labels. The `<command>` valid options are listed
in the \ref x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable_suppbeh section above, with
their corresponding description.

Example:

    root@ni-x4xx-1111111:~# ledctrl led0 user0

Sets the X410's `LED 0` to be controlled via the FPGA application using "User LED 0".

\paragraph x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable_persistentbeh Persistently change the LED Behavior

The above method will not persist across reboots. In order to persist the
changes, modify the ledctrl service unit files which are run by the init
system at boot. These files can be found on a running filesystem at, e.g.,
`/lib/systemd/system/ledctrl-led0.service`.

\paragraph x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable_fpga Using FPGA LED Control

When selecting `user0`, `user1`, and/or `user2` as LED behavior (see
\ref x4xx_usage_rearpanelleds_configurable_suppbeh above), the FPGA application
gains control of that given LED. The following paragraph describes how the FPGA
application can control the state for each setting.

FPGA application access to User LED 0-2 requires modification of the FPGA
source code and is achieved directly via Verilog, using a 2-bit vector to
control the state.

Below is an excerpt of the FPGA source code, setting the `user0`, `user1`, and
`user2` values to green, red, and amber respectively.
~~~{.v}
  // Rear panel LEDs control
  // Each LED is comprised of a green (LSB) and a red (MSB) LED
  // which the user can control through a 2-bit vector once fabric
  // LED control is configured on the X410's Linux shell.
  localparam LED_OFF   = 2'b00;
  localparam LED_GREEN = 2'b01;
  localparam LED_RED   = 2'b10;
  localparam LED_AMBER = 2'b11;

  wire [1:0] user_led_ctrl [0:2];
  assign user_led_ctrl[0] = LED_GREEN;
  assign user_led_ctrl[1] = LED_RED;
  assign user_led_ctrl[2] = LED_AMBER;
~~~

\section x4xx_too Theory of Operation

\image html x4xx_block_diagram.svg "X4x0 Motherboard Block Diagram" width=60%

The USRP X410 has three processors on the motherboard: The RFSoC, the SCU, and a
control CPLD. The RFSoC does the bulk of the work. It houses the programmable
logic (PL), the APU and RPU processors (the former running the embedded Linux
system), connects to the data ports (RJ45, QSFP28) and also includes RF data
converters (ADC/DAC) which are exposed to the daughterboards through a connector.
The FPGA configuration for the RFSoC can be found in the source code repository
under `fpga/usrp3/top/x400`. The OpenEmbedded Linux configuration can be found
on a [separate repository](https://github.com/EttusResearch/meta-ettus).

The SCU is a microcontroller running a baremetal control stack. It controls the
power sequencing, the fan speeds, connects various peripherals and sensors to
the Linux kernel, and performs other low-level tasks. It can be accessed through
a serial console directly from the back-panel. This can be a useful debugging
tool if the device is not responding to other inputs, and can be used to
power-cycle and reboot the USRP. It is connected to the RFSoC using an I2C
interface.

The motherboard control CPLD performs various control tasks, such as controlling
the clocking card and the GPIO connectors (note that the GPIO pins are also available
without using the CPLD, which is the normal case when programming the pins for
an application with higher rates and precise timing).
The motherboard CPLD is accessible from the RFSoC through a SPI interface, and
also acts as a SPI mux for accessing peripherals such as the clocking card.
Access to the motherboard CPLD from within a UHD session always goes through MPM,
meaning it is not used for high-speed or high-precision control.
Its source code can be found in the UHD source code repository under
`fpga/usrp3/top/x400/cpld`.

The RJ45 Ethernet connector is connected directly to the PS and is made available
in Linux as a regular Ethernet interface. It is possible to stream data to and
from the FPGA, but the data is tunneled through the operating system, which
makes it a relatively slow interface.
The QSFP28 connectors are directly connected to the RFSoC transceivers. Different
FPGA images configure these either as 10 GbE or 100 GbE interfaces. It
is possible to access the PS through these interfaces (when configured as Ethernet
interfaces), but their main purpose is to stream data from and to the FPGA at
high rates.

\subsection x4xx_too_clocking Clocking

The clocking architecture of the motherboard is spread out between a clocking
auxiliary board, which contains an OCXO (either GPS-disciplined or controlled by
a DAC), but also connects an external reference to the motherboard. Furthermore,
it houses a PLL for deriving a clock from the network (eCPRI).

The motherboard itself has two main PLLs for clocking purposes: The Sample PLL
(also SPLL) is used to create all clocks used for RF-related purposes. It creates
the sample clock (a very fast clock, ~3 GHz) and the PLL reference clock (PRC)
which is used as a reference for the LO synthesizers (50-64 MHz).

Its input is called the base reference clock (BRC). It has four possible sources:
- The OCXO, which always produces a 10 MHz reference clock. When the clock source
  is set to `internal`, this OCXO is only disciplined by a DAC (control of that
  DAC is not exposed in this version of UHD), but there is no further control
  loop. By selecting `gpsdo` as a clock source, a GPS module is used to
  discipline the OCXO (see also \ref x4xx_usage_gps).
- The external reference input SMA port. When an external reference is used (by
  selecting `external` as the clock source), the X410 assumes a 10 MHz reference
  clock (it is possible to drive the device with a different external clock
  frequency by providing the `ref_clk_freq` device argument, but this is not a
  supported use case for this UHD version). Note the clocking card can also import
  a PPS signal (when setting the time source to `external`) as well as export it.
- The eCPRI PLL (when using the `nsync` clock source). It will generate a 10 MHz
  BRC. Note the intention is to use this for scenarios where the clock is derived
  from the network port (e.g., eCPRI), but this version of UHD does not include
  such a feature.
- The reference PLL, when the clock source is set to `mboard` (this is a 25 MHz
  BRC). This is not a common use case, as it is not possible to synchronize the
  on-board clock. This is the only clock that does not come from the auxiliary
  clocking board.

The reference PLL (RPLL) produces clocks that are consumed by the GTY banks (for
Ethernet), as well as the on-board BRC. By default, its reference is a fixed
100 MHz clock, but it can also be driven by the eCPRI PLL.

The eCPRI PLL is typically driven by a clock derived from the GTY banks, which
is the assumption if the clock source is set to 'nsync'. The eCPRI PLL can also be
driven from the RFSoC ("fabric clock") for testing purposes.

The master clock rate (MCR) depends on the sample clock rate. It also depends on
the RFDC settings, which are different for different flavours of FPGA images (see
also \ref x4xx_updating_fpga_types). The actual clock running at this frequency
is generated digitally, within the RFSoC, and is derived from the SPLL clock.

Block diagram:
```
 ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
 │ Clocking Aux Board                                     │
 │   ┌──────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐                        │
 │   │GPSDO │ │  DAC  │ │External│                        │
 │   └─────┬┘ └─┬─────┘ └───┬────┘                        │
 │        ┌v────v┐          │              ┌──────┐       │
 │        │ OCXO │          │              │      <───────┼──┐
 │        └──┬───┘          │   ┌───┐      │ MUX  <───────┼─┐│
 │           │              │   │   │      └──┬───┘       │ ││
 │      ┌────v──────────────v───v─┐ │ ┌───────v───┐       │ ││
 │      │                         │ └─┤eCPRI PLL  │       │ ││
 │      └┐          MUX          ┌┘   │LMK05318   │       │ ││
 │       └─┐                   ┌─┘    │           │       │ ││
 │         └─┬─────────────────┘      └──┬────────┘       │ ││
 │           │                           │                │ ││
 └───────────┼───────────────────────────┼────────────────┘ ││
             │                           │                  ││
             │  ┌─────────────┐          │                  ││
          ┌──v──v┐            │          │                  ││
          │ MUX  │            │          │  ┌───── 100 MHz  ││
          └──┬───┘            │          │  │               ││
             │Base Ref. Clock │          │  │               ││
     ┌───────v───────┐        │  ┌───────v──v──┐            ││
     │ Sample PLL    │        └──┤Reference PLL│            ││
     │ LMK04832      │           │LMK03328     │            ││
     └──┬─────────┬──┘           └────┬────────┘            │└─ PL/Fabric Clock
        │         │                   │                     │
        v         v                   v                     │
    Sample      PLL Reference        GTY Banks     GTY Recovered
    Clock       Clock                              Clock
```

Note that this section does not cover every single clock signal present on the
X410, but mainly those clock signals relevant for the operation of the RF
components. Refer to the schematic for more details.

*/
// vim:ft=doxygen:
